John Keats - The Human Seasons

Poet John Keats

John Keats, 1795-1821

Teignmouth, March 1818

Four Seasons fill the measure of the year;

There are four seasons in the mind of man:

He has his lusty Spring, when fancy clear

Takes in all beauty with an easy span:

He has his Summer, when luxuriously

Spring's honied cud of youthful thought he loves

To ruminate, and by such dreaming high

Is nearest unto heaven: quiet coves

His soul has in its Autumn, when his wings

He furleth close; contented so to look

On mists in idleness—to let fair things

Pass by unheeded as a threshold brook.

He has his Winter too of pale misfeature,

Or else he would forego his mortal nature.

Background

Keats wrote this sonnet at Teignmouth in the second week of March 1818 and enclosed it in a letter to Benjamin Bailey dated 13 March, writing: 'You know my ideas about Religion. I do not think myself more in the right than other people, and that nothing in this world is proveable. I wish I could enter into all your feelings on the subject merely for one short 10 Minutes and give you a Page or two to your liking. I am sometimes so very sceptical as to think Poetry itself a mere Jack a lanthen to amuse whoever may chance to be struck with its brilliance. As Tradesmen say every thing is worth what it will fetch, so probably every mental pursuit takes its reality and worth from the ardour of the pursuer--being in itself a nothing--Ethereal thing[s] may at least be thus real, divided under three heads--Things real--things semireal --and no things. Things real--such as existences of Sun Moon & Stars and passages of Shakspeare. Things semireal such as Love, the Clouds &c which require a greeting of the Spirit to make them wholly exist--and Nothings which are made Great and dignified by an ardent pursuit --which by the by stamps the burgundy mark on the bottles of our Minds, insomuch as they are able to "consec[r]ate whate'er they look upon". I have written a Sonnet here of a somewhat collateral nature--so don't imagine it an a propos des bottes.'

Keats wrote numerous minor poems while at Teignmouth and the first drafts are preserved in letters to Bailey, Reynolds and Haydon. This particular work was first published in Leigh Hunt's Literary Pocket-Book for 1819.

References 

John Keats - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats 

Analysis 1

http://www.shvoong.com/books/poetry/1961426-sumary-john-keats-human-seasons/#ixzz1UuyRqcNB

The four stages of human life are like the four seasons of a year.Each stage has a compilation of lengthy dramas and stories of experiences from the cradle to the grave.It applies for both the human body and the human mind.For what is life here on earth? it is but a short journey we all undertake till our purpose is done.We all are formed from the dust and to the dust we shall all return one day.

The first stage of human life is the birth and the childhood days,which is compared to the season of Spring.This Season is believed to be the rebirth of Nature's life here on earth.It is characterized by warmth, spots of flora emerging everywhere on the naked ground,sounds of all types of birds in the air, movement of wild animals in the forest and very bright sunshine.This is the Season of optimism and hope.From birth till late childhood, life for every child is almost the beginning of a bright and a shiny future.Childhood is featured by innocence, physical stamina and vitality, tremendous urge for the outdoors and a tremendous appetite for fun and play.Activities have no limits.Each and everyone of us miss our childhood days.

The second stage of human life is Youth which is compared to the season of Summer. Summer is the season of fertility and immense harvest. It is marked by pleasantness,warm Summer rain and a blooming of vegetation.The fish of the waters swim adventurously in the gushing streams and rivers.The Earth itself is manifested with esteemed life.Similarly, Youth is marked by the end of Childhood innocence,beginning of self consciousness and high spirits of Romance.It is the peak and the glorious age of life.Each and everyone of us decides which path in life to take and the plans to settle with the best of everything.Beauty and attraction symbolizes the physical color of youth.

The Third stage of human life is Middle age which is compared to the season of Autumn.Autumn is characterized by beginning of dryness and slow deterioration of leaves of trees and plants.Everything around begins to fade away and begins to look shabby.The incoming chilling breeze blowing in all directions add to the gloom of nature.Similarly, Middle age is featured by a very slowly degrading physical strength,slight change in outward appearance,relaxed mood,and burdened with matured activities.By this time, all are treading towards old age.We see life differently and quite often worry about the generation,quite often our own off springs.The main feature of Middle age is Parenthood.We also learn to look back at our own lives and become very nostalgic.

The last stage is the Old Age which is compared to the season of Winter.This season is marked by extreme dryness and cold.The days are short and nights are long.Physical strength begins to fall to an all time low.Health is always a major issue.At this stage people tend to become very Spiritual and become mentally prepared for death.Winter ultimately closes the year just like old age closes the life on earth of a person to eternal rest.



Analysis 2

http://www.freewebs.com/mattsheahan/

John Keats writes The Human Seasons because he feels as though every season is comparable to a human emotion. He gives the reader a brief but in depth description of each season and shows how it pertains to a certain emotion humans feel. For example, “Spring, when fancy clear Takes in all beauty with an easy span:” (Keats, 2-3). Keats uses symbolism with the seasons to go beyond the literal meaning of spring, and infer that spring conveys a very easy and outgoing emotion. Spring is birth and life again from Winter. Summer describes a very youthful personality. It is a time of dreaming and exploring. Autumn portrays a relaxed personality. It is a time to sit back and take in the surrounding beauty. Winter is a distasteful personality, but is comforting because it allows people to look forward to the transition of Spring, or more positive personalities. In this poem, John Keats is able to look beyond the literal nature of seasons and provide a profound insight into human nature.



Anaylsis 3

http://mural.uv.es/romilo/trabajo03.htm

DIFFERENTS POINTS OF VIEW OF LIFE

The poem “The Human Seasons” was written by John Keats at Teignmouth and enclosed it in a letter to Benjamin Bailey dated 13 March 1818. It was later included in his “Poems” published in 1819. (www.englishhistory.net)

The first two verses explain the contents of the poem and introduce the theme: he compares the four seasons of a natural year with the several stages of human life, also a natural process.

The main ideas of the poem are distributed in four steps, one for each stanza and also corresponding to each season of the year: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter.

The meaning is very clearly presented, as we can experience nowadays, that life is brief, temporary and that each period in our life has different feelings and thoughts.

In the first quatrain Keats introduces the topic. The way he expresses it is in two affirmative clauses; he doesn’t use any comparative particles, but the meaning is evident. Lifetime is a natural cycle, we are born, we grow up, we reproduce ourselves and die. In the same stanza Spring is described as very short and happy. This season is the first stage of the year and it’s compared to the first period of our lives: childhood. In that time everything is beautiful and “lusty”. Keats doesn’t mention any problem in this period.

The second quatrain refers to Summer and its influence on our feelings. Summer is the best time in our lives, we are still young, but as Keats mentions, we “ruminate thoughts”, that is, we have had some experience and we are able to think about what we did in our childhood. This is the so called maturity age. These thoughts can only be fed by sweet, tender childhood memories. Through these thoughts men can be totally happy, “unto heaven”. The age line for Summer could be from the 20s to the 40s.

Autumn covers the third stanza and includes spiritual experiences. In this stage human beings are mature, their tiredness is reflected in their acts. The words used are calm and relaxing: “quiet coves”, “closed wings”, “mist in idleness”, “threshold brook”. What the poet tries to express is that we have to admit that we are getting old, we have to be satisfied of our deeds and we just let time pass by.

Only in the last two verses Winter is mentioned. Death just happens once, it is everybody’s destiny and nobody can run away from it. The mortal nature of men is described here as “pale misfeature”. There are two different ways of interpreting it, on the one hand men grows old so beauty and health get reduced, but on the other hand we can imagine that it can be the description of the deformed body after death as everybody will end the same.

Keats died when he was only 25 so we cannot describe it as the poet’s experience because he couldn’t feel like an old person but maybe these years were intense and lived as a long lifetime. Independently of this, Keats doesn’t use any kind of humorous or ironic language. The poem is very objective. It is a comparison with Nature and its development is based on “facts” that continually occur.

Based on the analysis of the structure of the poem we can appreciate which life period is more important for Keats. Apart form the introduction, each season has its own length inside the poem. The extension of each part of the year is related to the relevance of the period that corresponds to human life. Autumn is the longest one, which reinforces the meaning of waiting for death.

The imagery is very clearly exposed: Spring describes childhood, Summer maturity, Autumn, when men wait the final moment and Winter the death.

When I first read the poem I was impressed because of its objectivity, no feelings are expressed, it is factual. The poem is addressed to a man but the addressee is humanity. I also liked the structure; direct at the beginning, then more elaborate. I totally agree with the poet. The poem is like a guide of life, taking part in daily problems and focusing on spiritual sensations and feelings.


Reference Bibliography

• Ford, B. The new Pelican Guide to English Literature.Vol. 5, From Blake to Byron. Penguin Books, Ltd. 1982, Harmondsworth.
• Wu, D. Romanticism, An Anthology with CD-Rom. Second Edition. Blackwell Publishing. 1998, Oxford, UK
• Bloom, H. & Trilling, L. The Oxford Anthology of English Literature. Romantic Poetry and Prose. Oxford University Press. 1973, New York.
• Bloom, H. Romanticism and Consciousness. Essays in Criticism. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1970, New York.

John Keats - Bright Star

John Keats, 1795-1821
Begun April 1818, Completed February 1819, Publ 1838



Bright star, would I were stedfast as thou art -
Not in lone splendour hung aloft the night
And watching, with eternal lids apart,
Like nature's patient, sleepless Eremite,
The moving waters at their priestlike task
Of pure ablution round earth's human shores,
Or gazing on the new soft-fallen mask
Of snow upon the mountains and the moors -
No - yet still stedfast, still unchangeable,
Pillow'd upon my fair love's ripening breast,
To feel for ever its soft fall and swell,
Awake for ever in a sweet unrest,
Still, still to hear her tender-taken breath,
And so live ever - or else swoon to death.




References

John Keats - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats
Bright Star - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_star,_would_I_were_steadfast_as_thou_art
Analysis - http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/star.html
Study Guide - http://www.brighthub.com/education/homework-tips/articles/52123.aspx
Study Guide - http://www.enotes.com/bright-star

John Keats - Ode to Autumn

John Keats, 1795-1821
Written May 1819, Publ January 1829



Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness!
Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;
Conspiring with him how to load and bless
With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eaves run;
To bend with apples the mossed cottage-trees,
And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core;
To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells
With a sweet kernel; to set budding more,
And still more, later flowers for the bees,
Until they think warm days will never cease,
For Summer has o'erbrimmed their clammy cells.


Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store?
Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find
Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,
Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind;
Or on a half-reaped furrow sound asleep,
Drowsed with the fume of poppies, while thy hook
Spares the next swath and all its twined flowers;
And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost keep
Steady thy laden head across a brook;
Or by a cider-press, with patient look,
Thou watchest the last oozings, hours by hours.


Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they?
Think not of them, thou hast thy music too, -
While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day
And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;
Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn
Among the river sallows, borne aloft
Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies;
And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn;
Hedge-crickets sing, and now with treble soft
The redbreast whistles from a garden-croft;
And gathering swallows twitter in the skies.




References

John Keats - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats
Ode to Autumn - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Autumn
John Keat's Six Odes of 1819 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats%27s_1819_odes
Analysis - http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/autumn.html
Study Guide - x

John Keats - Ode to Psyche

John Keats, 1795-1821
Written May 1819, Publ January 1829



O Goddess! hear these tuneless numbers, wrung
By sweet enforcement and remembrance dear,
And pardon that thy secrets should be sung
Even into thine own soft-conched ear:
Surely I dreamt to-day, or did I see
The winged Psyche with awaken’d eyes?
I wander’d in a forest thoughtlessly,
And, on the sudden, fainting with surprise,
Saw two fair creatures, couched side by side
In deepest grass, beneath the whisp’ring roof
Of leaves and trembled blossoms, where there ran
A brooklet, scarce espied:


’Mid hush’d, cool-rooted flowers, fragrant-eyed,
Blue, silver-white, and budded Tyrian,
They lay calm-breathing on the bedded grass;
Their arms embraced, and their pinions too;
Their lips touch’d not, but had not bade adieu,
As if disjoined by soft-handed slumber,
And ready still past kisses to outnumber
At tender eye-dawn of aurorean love:
The winged boy I knew;
But who wast thou, O happy, happy dove?
His Psyche true!


O latest born and loveliest vision far
Of all Olympus’ faded hierarchy!
Fairer than Phœbe’s sapphire-region’d star,
Or Vesper, amorous glow-worm of the sky;
Fairer than these, though temple thou hast none,
Nor altar heap’d with flowers;
Nor virgin-choir to make delicious moan
Upon the midnight hours;
no voice, no lute, no pipe, no incense sweet
From chain-swung censer teeming;
No shrine, no grove, no oracle, no heat
Of pale-mouth’d prophet dreaming.


O brightest! though too late for antique vows,
Too, too late for the fond believing lyre,
When holy were the haunted forest boughs,
Holy the air, the water, and the fire;
Yet even in these days so far retir’d
From happy pieties, thy lucent fans,
Fluttering among the faint Olympians,
I see, and sing, by my own eyes inspired.
So let me be thy choir, and make a moan
Upon the midnight hours;
Thy voice, thy lute, thy pipe, thy incense sweet
From swinged censer teeming;
Thy shrine, thy grove, thy oracle, thy heat
Of pale-mouth’d prophet dreaming.


Yes, I will be thy priest, and build a fane
In some untrodden region of my mind,
Where branched thoughts, new grown with pleasant pain,
Instead of pines shall murmur in the wind:
Far, far around shall those dark-cluster’d trees
Fledge the wild-ridged mountains steep by steep;
And there by zephyrs, streams, and birds, and bees,
The moss-lain Dryads shall be lull’d to sleep;
And in the midst of this wide quietness
A rosy sanctuary will I dress
With the wreath’d trellis of a working brain,
With buds, and bells, and stars without a name,
With all the gardener Fancy e’er could feign,
Who breeding flowers, will never breed the same:
And there shall be for thee all soft delight
That shadowy thought can win,
A bright torch, and a casement ope at night,
To let the warm Love in!




References

John Keats - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats
Ode to Psyche - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode_to_Psyche
John Keat's Six Odes of 1819 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats%27s_1819_odes
Analysis - http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/psyche.html
Study Guide - http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides8/Psyche.html#Top

John Keats - Ode on Melancholy

John Keats, 1795-1821
Written May 1819, Publ January 1829



No, no, go not to Lethe, neither twist
Wolf’s-bane, tight-rooted, for its poisonous wine;
Nor suffer thy pale forehead to be kiss’d
By nightshade, ruby grape of Proserpine;
Make not your rosary of yew-berries,
Nor let the beetle, nor the death-moth be
Your mournful Psyche, nor the downy owl
A partner in your sorrow’s mysteries;
For shade to shade will come too drowsily,
And drown the wakeful anguish of the soul.


But when the melancholy fit shall fall
Sudden from heaven like a weeping cloud,
That fosters the droop-headed flowers all,
And hides the green hill in an April shroud;
Then glut thy sorrow on a morning rose,
Or on the rainbow of the salt sand-wave,
Or on the wealth of globed peonies;
Or if thy mistress some rich anger shows,
Emprison her soft hand, and let her rave,
And feed deep, deep upon her peerless eyes.


She dwells with Beauty – Beauty that must die;
And Joy, whose hand is ever at his lips
Bidding adieu; and aching Pleasure nigh,
Turning to poison while the bee-mouth sips:
Ay, in the very temple of Delight
Veil’d Melancholy has her sovran shrine,
Though seen of none save him whose strenuous tongue
Can burst Joy’s grape against his palate fine;
His soul shall taste the sadness of her might,
And be among her cloudy trophies hung.




References


John Keats - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats
Ode on Melancholy - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode_on_Melancholy
John Keat's Six Odes of 1819 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats%27s_1819_odes
Analysis - http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/melancholy.html
Study Guide - http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides8/Melancholy.html#Top

John Keats - Ode on Indolence

John Keats, 1795-1821
Written May 1819, Publ January 1829

“They toil not, neither do they spin.”



One morn before me were three figures seen,
With bowed necks, and joined hands, side-faced;
And one behind the other stepp’d serene,
In placid sandals, and in white robes graced:
They pass’d, like figures on a marble urn,
When shifted round to see the other side;
They came again; as when the urn once more
Is shifted round, the first seen shades return;
And they were strange to me, as may betide
With vases, to one deep in Phidian lore.


How is it, shadows, that I knew ye not?
How came ye muffled in so hush a masque?
Was it a silent deep-disguised plot
To steal away, and leave without a task
My idle days? Ripe was the drowsy hour;
The blissful cloud of summer-indolence
Benumb’d my eyes; my pulse grew less and less;
Pain had no sting, and pleasure’s wreath no flower.
O, why did ye not melt, and leave my sense
Unhaunted quite of all but – nothingness?


A third time pass’d they by, and, passing, turn’d
Each one the face a moment whiles to me;
Then faded, and to follow them I burn’d
And ached for wings, because I knew the three:
The first was a fair maid, and Love her name;
The second was Ambition, pale of cheek,
And ever watchful with fatigued eye;
The last, whom I love more, the more of blame
Is heap’d upon her, maiden most unmeek, –
I knew to be my demon Poesy.


They faded, and, forsooth! I wanted wings:
O folly! What is Love? And where is it?
And for that poor Ambition – it springs
From a man’s little heart’s short fever- fit;
For Poesy! – no, – she has not a joy,-
At least for me, – so sweet as drowsy noons,
And evenings steep’d in honied indolence;
O, for an age so shelter’d from annoy,
That I may never know how change the moons,
Or hear the voice of busy common-sense!


A third time came they by; – alas! wherefore?
My sleep had been embroider’d with dim dreams;
My soul had been a lawn besprinkled o’er
With flowers, and stirring shades, and baffled beams:
The morn was clouded, but no shower fell,
Though in her lids hung the sweet tears of May;
The open casement press’d a new-leaved vine,
Let in the budding warmth and throstle’s lay;
O shadows! ’twas a time to bid farewell!
Upon your skirts had fallen no tears of mine.


So, ye three ghosts, adieu! ye cannot raise
My head cool-bedded in the flowery grass;
For I would not be dieted with praise,
A pet-lamb in a sentimental farce!
Fade softly from my eyes, and be once more
In masque-like figures on the dreamy urn;
Farewell! I yet have visions for the night,
And for the day faint visions there is store;
Vanish, ye phantoms, from my idle spright,
Into the clouds, and never more return!




References


John Keats - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats
Ode on Indolence - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode_on_Indolence
John Keat's Six Odes of 1819 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats%27s_1819_odes
Analysis - x
Study Guide - http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides8/Indolence.html#Top

John Keats - The Human Seasons

Poet John Keats

John Keats, 1795-1821

Composed at Teignmouth by Sep. 1818

Four Seasons fill the measure of the year;

There are four seasons in the mind of man:

He has his lusty Spring, when fancy clear

Takes in all beauty with an easy span:

He has his Summer, when luxuriously

Spring's honied cud of youthful thought he loves

To ruminate, and by such dreaming high

Is nearest unto heaven: quiet coves

His soul has in its Autumn, when his wings

He furleth close; contented so to look

On mists in idleness—to let fair things

Pass by unheeded as a threshold brook.

He has his Winter too of pale misfeature,

Or else he would forego his mortal nature.

References

John Keats - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats
Study Guide - http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides2/Keats.html


Analysis 1

http://www.freewebs.com/mattsheahan/

John Keats writes The Human Seasons because he feels as though every season is comparable to a human emotion.He gives the reader a brief but in depth description of each season and shows how it pertains to a certain emotion humans feel.For example, “Spring, when fancy clear Takes in all beauty with an easy span:” (Keats, 2-3).Keats uses symbolism with the seasons to go beyond the literal meaning of spring, and infer that spring conveys a very easy and outgoing emotion. Spring is birth and life again from Winter.Summer describes a very youthful personality.It is a time of dreaming and exploring.Autumn portrays a relaxed personality.It is a time to sit back and take in the surrounding beauty.Winter is a distasteful personality, but is comforting because it allows people to look forward to the transition of Spring, or more positive personalities.In this poem, John Keats is able to look beyond the literal nature of seasons and provide a profound insight into human nature. 

Analysis 2
http://www.shvoong.com/books/poetry/1961426-sumary-john-keats-human-seasons/#ixzz1UurHxXfo

The four stages of human life are like the four seasons of a year.Each stage has a compilation of lengthy dramas and stories of experiences from the cradle to the grave.It applies for both the human body and the human mind.For what is life here on earth? it is but a short journey we all undertake till our purpose is done.We all are formed from the dust and to the dust we shall all return one day.

The first stage of human life is the birth and the childhood days,which is compared to the season of Spring.This Season is believed to be the rebirth of Nature's life here on earth.It is characterized by warmth, spots of flora emerging everywhere on the naked ground,sounds of all types of birds in the air, movement of wild animals in the forest and very bright sunshine.This is the Season of optimism and hope.From birth till late childhood, life for every child is almost the beginning of a bright and a shiny future.Childhood is featured by innocence, physical stamina and vitality, tremendous urge for the outdoors and a tremendous appetite for fun and play.Activities have no limits.Each and everyone of us miss our childhood days.

The second stage of human life is Youth which is compared to the season of Summer. Summer is the season of fertility and immense harvest. It is marked by pleasantness,warm Summer rain and a blooming of vegetation.The fish of the waters swim adventurously in the gushing streams and rivers.The Earth itself is manifested with esteemed life.Similarly, Youth is marked by the end of Childhood innocence,beginning of self consciousness and high spirits of Romance.It is the peak and the glorious age of life.Each and everyone of us decides which path in life to take and the plans to settle with the best of everything.Beauty and attraction symbolizes the physical color of youth.

The Third stage of human life is Middle age which is compared to the season of Autumn.Autumn is characterized by beginning of dryness and slow deterioration of leaves of trees and plants.Everything around begins to fade away and begins to look shabby.The incoming chilling breeze blowing in all directions add to the gloom of nature.Similarly, Middle age is featured by a very slowly degrading physical strength,slight change in outward appearance,relaxed mood,and burdened with matured activities.By this time, all are treading towards old age.We see life differently and quite often worry about the generation,quite often our own off springs.The main feature of Middle age is Parenthood.We also learn to look back at our own lives and become very nostalgic.

The last stage is the Old Age which is compared to the season of Winter.This season is marked by extreme dryness and cold.The days are short and nights are long.Physical strength begins to fall to an all time low.Health is always a major issue.At this stage people tend to become very Spiritual and become mentally prepared for death.Winter ultimately closes the year just like old age closes the life on earth of a person to eternal rest.

Analysis 3

http://mural.uv.es/romilo/trabajo03.htm

Different Points of View of Life

The poem “The Human Seasons” was written by John Keats at Teignmouth and enclosed it in a letter to Benjamin Bailey dated 13 March 1818. It was later included in his “Poems” published in 1819. (www.englishhistory.net)

The first two verses explain the contents of the poem and introduce the theme: he compares the four seasons of a natural year with the several stages of human life, also a natural process.

The main ideas of the poem are distributed in four steps, one for each stanza and also corresponding to each season of the year: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter.

The meaning is very clearly presented, as we can experience nowadays, that life is brief, temporary and that each period in our life has different feelings and thoughts.

In the first quatrain Keats introduces the topic. The way he expresses it is in two affirmative clauses; he doesn’t use any comparative particles, but the meaning is evident. Lifetime is a natural cycle, we are born, we grow up, we reproduce ourselves and die. In the same stanza Spring is described as very short and happy. This season is the first stage of the year and it’s compared to the first period of our lives: childhood. In that time everything is beautiful and “lusty”. Keats doesn’t mention any problem in this period.

The second quatrain refers to Summer and its influence on our feelings. Summer is the best time in our lives, we are still young, but as Keats mentions, we “ruminate thoughts”, that is, we have had some experience and we are able to think about what we did in our childhood. This is the so called maturity age. These thoughts can only be fed by sweet, tender childhood memories. Through these thoughts men can be totally happy, “unto heaven”. The age line for Summer could be from the 20s to the 40s.

Autumn covers the third stanza and includes spiritual experiences. In this stage human beings are mature, their tiredness is reflected in their acts. The words used are calm and relaxing: “quiet coves”, “closed wings”, “mist in idleness”, “threshold brook”. What the poet tries to express is that we have to admit that we are getting old, we have to be satisfied of our deeds and we just let time pass by.

Only in the last two verses Winter is mentioned. Death just happens once, it is everybody’s destiny and nobody can run away from it. The mortal nature of men is described here as “pale misfeature”. There are two different ways of interpreting it, on the one hand men grows old so beauty and health get reduced, but on the other hand we can imagine that it can be the description of the deformed body after death as everybody will end the same.

Keats died when he was only 25 so we cannot describe it as the poet’s experience because he couldn’t feel like an old person but maybe these years were intense and lived as a long lifetime. Independently of this, Keats doesn’t use any kind of humorous or ironic language. The poem is very objective. It is a comparison with Nature and its development is based on “facts” that continually occur.

Based on the analysis of the structure of the poem we can appreciate which life period is more important for Keats. Apart form the introduction, each season has its own length inside the poem. The extension of each part of the year is related to the relevance of the period that corresponds to human life. Autumn is the longest one, which reinforces the meaning of waiting for death.

The imagery is very clearly exposed: Spring describes childhood, Summer maturity, Autumn, when men wait the final moment and Winter the death.

When I first read the poem I was impressed because of its objectivity, no feelings are expressed, it is factual. The poem is addressed to a man but the addressee is humanity. I also liked the structure; direct at the beginning, then more elaborate. I totally agree with the poet. The poem is like a guide of life, taking part in daily problems and focusing on spiritual sensations and feelings.


Reference Bibliography

• Ford, B. The new Pelican Guide to English Literature.Vol. 5, From Blake to Byron. Penguin Books, Ltd. 1982, Harmondsworth.
• Wu, D. Romanticism, An Anthology with CD-Rom. Second Edition. Blackwell Publishing. 1998, Oxford, UK
• Bloom, H. & Trilling, L. The Oxford Anthology of English Literature. Romantic Poetry and Prose. Oxford University Press. 1973, New York.
• Bloom, H. Romanticism and Consciousness. Essays in Criticism. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1970, New York.

Herman Melville - Shakespeare in Moby Dick

"Stylistically, Melville was influenced by Sir Thomas Browne, the 17th Century writer whose prose impressed many American authors of the 19th Century. Melville also drew heavily on Shakespeare both for style and character. Pip, for example, seems to be modeled after the Fool in King Lear. Ahab defying the fire in Chapter 119 recalls Lear out in the the storm on the heath, challenging the gods in their ultimate injustice. In the great Chapter 36 where Ahab declares his purpose to the crew, he does so in creditable Shakespearean blank verse, which Melville printed as prose:

Take off thine eye! More intolerable
Than fiends' glarings is a doltish stare!
So, so; thou reddenest and palest;
My heat has melted thee to anger-glow.
But look ye, Starbuck, what is said in heat,
That thing unsays itself. There are men
From whom warm words are small indignity.
I meant not to incense thee. Let it go.
Look! see yonder Turkish cheeks of spotted tawn -
Living, breathing pictures painted by the sun.
The Pagan leopards - the unrecking and
Unworshipping things, that live; and seek, and give
No reasons for the torrid life they feel!
The crew, man, the crew! Are they not one and all
With Ahab, in this matter of the whale?

- Captain Ahab
( from Moby Dick, Chpt 36, first published 1851 )

"The more one rereads this passage, the more strikingly it reproduces the movement of the verse in Shakespeare's great tragedies, especially in King Lear,. Even the slight irregularities that appear in the first three lines above are characteristic of Shakespeare."

- Charles Child Walcutt, Moby Dick, Introduction, pg 10, Bantam Classic Books, NY, 1981

Glossary of Nautical Terms

Nautical Terms http://phrontistery.info/nautical.html

Ahoy, mateys! This be a fair and true listing of words having to do with ships and sailing, 225 of them in all. These terms come mainly from the great age of sailing ships, the 16th to 18th centuries, and almost all hail from the two great seafaring peoples of the day, those being the brave English and the most hated Dutch. Be fairly warned: I, being a landlubber of the most scurvy sort, know little of such nautical matters aside from what my word-books tell me, so if there are any sea-dogs out there who would deign to correct me on matters of seaman's cant and jargon, ye should holler from atop the crow's nest of your vessels. Ahoy!   Word Definition abaft toward or at the stern of a ship; further aft affreightment hiring of a vessel afterdeck deck behind a ship's bridge afterguard men who work the aft sails on the quarterdeck and poop deck ahull with sails furled and helm lashed to the lee-side amidships midway between the bow and stern of a ship astern at the stern of a ship backstay stay extending from ship's mastheads to the side of the ship ballaster one who supplies ships with ballast bargemaster owner of a barge bee hardwood on either side of bowsprit through which forestays are reeved belay to secure a rope by winding on a pin or cleat bilge lower point of inner hull of a ship binnacle case in which a ship's compass is kept bitts posts mounted on a ship for fastening ropes bluepeter blue flag with white square in centre used as ship's signal boatswain ship's crewmember in charge of equipment and maintenance bobstay rope used on ships to steady the bowsprit bollard short post on a wharf or ship to which ropes are tied boltrope strong rope stitched to edges of a sail bosun boatswain bottomry using the ship as collateral to finance a sea voyage bow front of a ship bower anchor carried at bow of a ship bowline rope used to keep weather edge of a sail taut bowsprit spar that extends at bows of a ship brails ropes on edge of sail for hauling up bream to clean a ship's bottom by burning off seaweed bulwark the side of a ship above the deck bumpkin spar projecting from stern of ship bunt middle of sail, fish-net or cloth when slack buntline rope attached to middle of square sail to haul it up to the yard burgee small ship's flag used for identification or signalling cable heavy rope or chain for mooring a ship cabotage shipping and sailing between points in the same country camber slight arch or convexity to a beam or deck of a ship capstan upright device for winding in heavy ropes or cables careen to turn a ship on its side in order to clean or repair it cathead projection near the bow of a ship to which anchor is secured chine the intersection of the middle and sides of a boat chock metal casting with curved arms for passing ropes for mooring ship clew corner of sail with hole to attach ropes coaming raised edge around ship's hatches to keep water out cocket official shipping seal; customs clearance form cofferdam narrow vacant space between two bulkheads of a ship cog single-masted, square-sailed ship with raised stern companionway stairs from upper deck of ship to lower deck cordage ropes in the rigging of a ship cringle loop at corner of sail to which a line is attached crosstrees horizontal crosspieces at a masthead used to support ship's mast davit device for hoisting and lowering a boat deadeye rounded wooden block with hole used to set up ship's stays deadwood timbers built into ends of ship when too narrow to permit framing demurrage delay of vessel's departure or loading with cargo dodger shield against rain or spray on a ship's bridge dogwatch a short, evening period of watch duty on a ship downhaul rope for holding down or hauling down a sail or spar dromond large single-sailed ship powered by rowers dyogram ship's chart indicating compass deflection due to ship's iron earing line for fastening corner of a sail to the gaff or yard ensign large naval flag escutcheon part of ship's stern where name is displayed fairlead ring through which rope is led to change its direction without friction fardage wood placed in bottom of ship to keep cargo dry fiddley iron framework around hatchway opening figurehead ornament or (usually female) bust attached to the bow of a ship flagstaff flag pole at stern of a ship fluke part of an anchor that fastens in the ground forebitt post for fastening cables at a ship's foremast forecabin cabin in fore part of ship forecastle short raised deck at fore end of ship; fore of ship under main deck forefoot foremost end of ship's keel foremast mast nearest the bow of a ship foresail lowest sail set on the foremast of square-rigged ship forestay stay leading from the foremast to the bow of a ship frap to draw a sail tight with ropes or cables freeboard distance between waterline and main deck of a ship futtock rib of a ship gaff spar on which head of fore-and-aft sail is extended gaff-topsail triangular topsail with its foot extended upon the gaff gangway either of the sides of the upper deck of a ship garboard plank on a ship’s bottom next to the keel genoa large jib that overlaps the mainsail grapnel small anchor used for dragging or grappling groundage a charge on a ship in port gudgeon metal socket into which the pintle of a boat's rudder fits gunnage number of guns carried on a warship gunwale upper edge of the side of a ship gybe to swing a sail from one side to another halyard rope or tackle for hoisting and lowering sails hank series of rings or clips for attaching a jib or staysail to a stay hawse distance between ship's bow and its anchor hawsehole hole for ship's cable hawser large rope for mooring or towing a ship headsail sail set forward of the foremast of a ship helm ship's steering wheel holystone sandstone material used to scrape ships' decks inboard inside the line of a ship's bulwarks or hull jack ship's flag flown from jack-staff at bow of vessel jack-block pulley system for raising topgallant masts jack-cross-tree single iron cross-tree at head of a topgallant mast jackstaff short staff at ship's bow from which the jack is hoisted jackstay iron or wooden bar running along yard of ship to which sails fastened jackyard spar used to spread the foot of a gaff-topsail jib small triangular sail extending from the head of the foremast jibboom spar forming an extension of the bowsprit jibe to change a ship's course to make the boom shift sides jurymast mast erected on ship in place of one lost kedge small anchor to keep a ship steady keelhaul to punish by dragging under keel of ship keelson lengthwise wooden or steel beam in ship for bearing stress kentledge pig-iron used as ballast in ship's hold lagan cargo jettisoned from ship but marked by buoys for recovery lanyard rope or line for fastening something in a ship larboard left side of a ship lastage room for stowing goods in a ship lateen triangular sail rigged on ship's spar laveer to sail against the wind lazaret space in ship between decks used for storage leeboard wood or metal planes attached to hull to prevent leeway leech a vertical edge of a square sail loxodograph device used to record ship's travels luff windward side of a ship; forward edge of fore-and-aft sail lugsail four-sided sail bent to an obliquely hanging yard lutchet fitting on ship's deck to allow mast to pivot to pass under bridges mainmast sailing ship's principal mast mainsail principal sail on a ship's mainmast mainsheet rope by which mainsail is trimmed and secured mainstay stay that extends from the main-top to the foot of the foremast manrope rope used as a handrail on a ship martingale lower stay of rope used to sustain strain of the forestays mizzen three-masted vessel; aft sail of such a vessel mizzenmast mast aft or next aft of the mainmast in a ship moonraker topmost sail of a ship, above the skyscraper oakum old ropes untwisted for caulking the seams of ships orlop lowest deck in a ship having four or more decks outhaul rope used to haul a sail taut along a spar outrigger spar extended from side of ship to help secure mast painter rope attached to bow of a boat to attach it to a ship or a post pallograph instrument measuring ship's vibration parrel band by which a yard is fastened to a mast patroon captain of a ship; coxswain of a longboat poop enclosed structure at stern of ship above main deck port when facing forward, the left side of a shift primage fee paid to loaders for loading ship purser ship's officer in charge of finances and passengers quarterdeck part of ship's deck set aside by captain for ceremonial functions quartering sailing nearly before the wind rake the inclination of a mast or another part of a ship ratline small rope forming a rung of a rope ladder on a ship reef to reduce area of a sail by rolling or folding part of it reeve to pass a rope through a ring roach curved cut in edge of sail for preventing chafing roband piece of yarn used to fasten a sail to a spar rostrum spike on prow of warship for ramming rowlock contrivance serving as a fulcrum for an oar royal small sail on royal mast just above topgallant sail scud to sail swiftly before a gale scupper hole allowing water to drain from ship’s deck scuttlebutt cask of drinking water aboard a ship; rumour, idle gossip scuttles portholes on a ship sheer fore-and-aft curvature of a ship from bow to stern shrouds ropes supporting the mast of a ship sidelight coloured lights on side of a ship under way at night skeg part of ship connecting the keel with the bottom of the rudderpost skysail sail above the royal sail skyscraper triangular sail on a ship above the royal slipway ramp sloping into water for supporting a ship snotty naval midshipman spanker sail on the mast nearest the stern of a square-rigged ship spar any ship's mast, boom, yard, or gaff spinnaker large triangular sail opposite the mainsail spirketting inside planking between ports and waterways of a ship sponson platform jutting from ship’s deck for gun or wheel sprit spar crossing a fore-and-aft sail diagonally spritsail sail extended by a sprit starboard when facing forward, the right side of a ship starbolins sailors of the starboard watch stay large rope used to support a mast staysail fore-and-aft sail hoisted on a stay steeve to set a ship's bowsprit at an upward inclination stemson supporting timber of a ship stern back part of a ship sternpost main member at stern of a ship extending from keel to deck sternway movement of a ship backwards stevedore dock worker who loads and unloads ships stokehold ship’s furnace chamber strake continuous band of plates on side of a ship stunsail light auxiliary sail to the side of principal sails supercargo ship's official in charge of business affairs taffrail rail round the stern of a ship thole pin in the side of a boat to keep oar in place tiller handle or lever for turning a ship's rudder timberhead top end of ship's timber used above the gunwale timenoguy rope stretched from place to place in a ship topgallant mast or sail above the topmast and below the royal mast topmast ship's mast above the lower mast topsail ship's sail above the lowermost sail tranship to transfer from one ship to another transire ship's customs warrant for clearing goods transom transverse timbers attached to ship's sternpost treenail long wooden pin used to fix planks of ship to the timbers trice to haul in and lash secure a sail with a small rope trunnel wooden shipbuilding peg used for fastening timbers trysail ship's sail bent to a gaff and hoisted on a lower mast tuck part of ship where ends of lower planks meet under the stern turtleback structure over ship’s bows or stern unreeve to withdraw a rope from an opening walty inclined to tip over or lean wardroom quarters for ship's officers washboard broad thin plank along ship's gunwale to keep out sea water watching fully afloat waveson goods floating on the sea after a shipwreck wear to turn a ship's stern to windward to alter its course weatherboard weather side of a ship weatherly able to sail close to the wind with little leeway wheelhouse shelter where ship’s steering wheel kept whipstaff vertical lever controlling ship’s rudder windbound hindered from sailing by contrary winds windlass winch used to raise a ship's anchor xebec small three-masted pirate ship yard tapering spar attached to ship's mast to spread the head of a square sail yardarm either end of the yard of a square-rigged ship yawl ship’s small boat; sailboat carrying mainsail and one or more jibs zabra small Spanish sailing vessel

  

More Nautical Terms 

aft: At or near the rear of a ship.

ambergris: Waxy substance in the intenstines of whales. It can be used in making perfumes.

avast: Halt, stop, cease.

boatswain (usually pronounced BOH zun): Officer in charge of a ship's deck crew.

bow: Front part of a ship.

bowsprit: Tapered spar on the the bow to which mast stay are secured.

bulwark: Side of a ship that is above a deck.

deck: Floor on a ship.

coxswain (usually pronounced COX un): Sailor who pilots a ship's oar-powered boat.

fore: At or near the front of ship.

forecastle (usually pronounced FOHK sl): Upper deck in the front of a ship.

hull: Body of a ship.

foremast: Mast near the front of the ship.

frigate: Fast warship of medium size of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It had square sails and could carry up to sixty cannons.

halyard: Rope with which to lower or raise a sail or flag.

harpoon: Spear with a barbed tip and an attached rope.

helm: Wheel that steers a ship.

helmsman: Crewman who mans the helm.

hold: Interior part of a ship where cargo is stored.

lanyards: Short ropes used on a ship to fasten something; cord pulled to fire a cannon; short rope that a sailor wears around his neck to attach tools.

larboard: Left side of a ship as one faces forward.

lee: Side of a ship that is away from the wind.

linstock: Stick with a forked end that holds a burning match. It is used to fire a cannon.

mariner: Seaman.

mast: Vertical pole (spar) that supports the sails and ropes on a ship.

masthead: Top of a mast.

midships: Middle part of a ship; pat of a ship halfway between the stern and the bow.

mizzen: Mizzenmast; having to do with the mizzenmast.

mizzenmast: In ships with at least three masts, the mast third from the front of a ship.

monkey jacket: Tight-fitting sailor's jacket covering the upper body from shoulders to waist.

port: Left side of a ship as one faces forward.

quarterdeck: Rear of the upper deck, where officers convene or special ceremonies are held.

reef: Part of a sail that can be rolled up and secured to reduce the effect of high winds on a ship.

reefing: Rolling up part of a sail.

sailing master: Ship's navigator.

scuttle: Covered opening in the hull or deck of a ship.

seventy-four: Warship with seventy-four cannons. Some warships had more than one hundred cannons; others had as few as twenty.

shrouds: Ropes running from the side of a ship to the top of a mast to keep the mast steady.

spirit locker: Place for the storage of liquor.

starboard: Right side of the ship as one faces forward.

stern: Rear part of a ship.

steward: Officer in charge of food stores and dining arrangements.

taffrail: Rail around the stern of a ship.

tar: Sailor.

tiller: Handle for turning the rudder of a boat.

whaler: Ship that hunts whales.

wharf: Structure on which a docked ship unloads; structure from which workers load a ship.

windward: In the direction from which the wind blows; facing the wind.

yard: Horizontal pole, tapering at the ends, that supports the sails of a ship.

yardarm: Half of the yard.

 

Glossary of Nautical Terms
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms

This is a glossary of nautical terms; some remain current, many date from the 17th-19th century. See also Wiktionary's nautical terms and Category: Nautical terms.

    A

• Above board – On or above the deck, in plain view, not hiding anything.
• Above-water hull – The hull section of a vessel above waterline, the visible part of a ship. Also, topsides.
• Act of Pardon / Act of Grace – A letter from a state or power authorizing action by a privateer. Also see Letter of Marque.
• Abaft – Toward the stern, relative to some object ("abaft the fore hatch").
• Abaft the beam – Further aft than the beam: a relative bearing of greater than 90 degrees from the bow: "two points abaft the port beam".
• Abandon Ship – An imperative to leave the vessel immediately, usually in the face of some imminent danger.
• Abeam – 'On the beam', a relative bearing at right angles to the centerline of the ship's keel.
• Abel Brown – A sea song (shanty) about a young sailor trying to sleep with a maiden.
• Aboard – On or in a vessel (see also "close aboard").
• Absentee pennant – Special pennant flown to indicate absence of commanding officer, admiral, his chief of staff, or officer whose flag is flying (division, squadron, or flotilla commander).
• Absolute bearing - The bearing of an object in relation to north. Either true bearing, using the geographical or true north, or magnetic bearing, using magnetic north. See also "bearing" and "relative bearing".
• Accommodation ladder – A portable flight of steps down a ship's side.
• Admiral – Senior naval officer of Flag rank. In ascending order of seniority, Rear Admiral, Vice Admiral, Admiral and Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy). Derivation reputedly Arabic, from "Emir al Bath" ("Ruler of the waters").
• Admiralty – A high naval authority in charge of a state's Navy or a major territorial component. In the Royal Navy (UK) the Board of Admiralty, executing the office of the Lord High Admiral, promulgates Naval law in the form of Queen's (or King's) Regulations and Admiralty Instructions.
• Admiralty law – Body of law that deals with maritime cases. In UK administered by the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division of the High Court of Justice.
• Adrift – Afloat and unattached in any way to the shore or seabed. It may also imply that a vessel is not anchored and not under control, therefore goes where the wind and current take her, (loose from moorings, or out of place). Also refers to any gear not fastened down or put away properly. It can also be used to mean "absent without leave".
• Advance note – A note for one month's wages issued to sailors on their signing a ship's articles.
• Aft – Towards the stern (of the vessel).
• Afloat - Of a vessel which is floating freely (not aground or sunk). More generally of vessels in service ("the company has 10 ships afloat").
• Afternoon watch – The 1200-1600 watch.
• Aground – Resting on or touching the ground or bottom.
• Ahead – Forward of the bow.
• Ahoy – A cry to draw attention. Term used to hail a boat or a ship, as "Boat ahoy!"
• Ahull –

1. When the boat is lying broadside to the sea.

2. To ride out a storm with no sails and helm held to leeward.

• Aid to Navigation – (ATON) Any device external to a vessel or aircraft specifically intended to assist navigators in determining their position or safe course, or to warn them of dangers or obstructions to navigation.
• All hands – Entire ship's company, both officers and enlisted personnel.
• All night in – Having no night watches.
• Aloft – Above the ship's uppermost solid structure; overhead or high above.
• Alongside – By the side of a ship or pier.
• Amidships (or midships) – In the middle portion of ship, along the line of the keel.
• Anchor – An object designed to prevent or slow the drift of a ship, attached to the ship by a line or chain; typically a metal, hook like, object designed to grip the bottom under the body of water.
• Anchorage – A suitable place for a ship to anchor. Area of a port or harbor.
• Anchor's aweigh – Said of an anchor when just clear of the bottom.
• Anchor ball – Round black shape hoisted in the forepart of a vessel to show that it is anchored.
• Anchor buoy – A small buoy secured by a light line to anchor to indicate position of anchor on bottom.
• Anchor chain or anchor cable – Chain connecting the ship to the anchor.
• Anchor detail – Group of men who handle ground tackle when the ship is anchoring or getting underway.
• Anchor light – White light displayed by a ship at anchor. Two such lights are displayed by a ship over 150 feet (46 m) in length.
• Anchor watch – Making sure that the anchor is holding and the vessel is not drifting. Important during rough weather and at night. Most marine GPS units have an Anchor Watch alarm capability.
• Andrew – Traditional lower-deck slang term for the Royal Navy.
• Arc of Visibility – The portion of the horizon over which a lighted aid to navigation is visible from seaward.
• Armament – A ship's weapons.
• Articles of War – Regulations governing the military and naval forces of UK and USA; read to every ship's company on commissioning and at specified intervals during the commission.
• ASDIC - A type of sonar used by the Allies for detecting submarines during the Second World War.
• Ashore – On the beach, shore or land.
• Astern – Toward the stern; an object or vessel that is abaft another vessel or object.
• Asylum Harbour – A harbour used to provide shelter from a storm.
• ASW – Anti-submarine warfare.
• Athwart, athwartships – At right angles to the fore and aft or centerline of a ship
• Avast – Stop! Cease or desist from whatever is being done.
• Awash – So low in the water that the water is constantly washing across the surface.
• Aweigh – Position of an anchor just clear of the bottom.
• Aye, aye – Reply to an order or command to indicate that it, firstly, is heard; and, secondly, is understood and will be carried out. ("Aye, aye, sir" to officers). Also "yarr".
• Azimuth compass – An instrument employed for ascertaining position of the sun with respect to magnetic north. The azimuth of an object is its bearing from the observer measured as an angle clockwise from true north.
• Azimuth circle – Instrument used to take bearings of celestial objects.

    B

• Back and fill – To use the advantage of the tide being with you when the wind is not.
• Backstays – Long lines or cables, reaching from the rear of the vessel to the mast heads, used to support the mast.
• Baggywrinkle – A soft covering for cables (or any other obstructions) that prevents sail chafing from occurring.
• Bank (sea floor) – A large area of elevated sea floor
• Banyan – Traditional Royal Navy term for a day or shorter period of rest and relaxation.
• Bar – Large mass of sand or earth, formed by the surge of the sea. They are mostly found at the entrances of great rivers or havens, and often render navigation extremely dangerous, but confer tranquility once inside. See also: Touch and go, grounding. Alfred Lord Tennyson's poem 'Crossing the bar' an allegory for death.
• Barrelman – A sailor that was stationed in the crow's nest.
• Bar pilot – A bar pilot guides ships over the dangerous sandbars at the mouth of rivers and bays.
• Beacon – A lighted or unlighted fixed aid to navigation attached directly to the earth’s surface. (Lights and day beacons both constitute beacons.)
• Beam – The beam of a ship is its width at the widest point, or a point alongside the ship at the mid-point of its length.
• Beam ends – The sides of a ship. "On her beam ends" may mean the vessel is literally on her side and possibly about to capsize; more often, the phrase means the vessel is listing 45 degrees or more.
• Bear – Large squared off stone used for scraping clean the deck of a sailing man-of-war.
• Bear down – Turn away from the wind, often with reference to a transit.
• Bearing – The horizontal direction of a line of sight between two objects on the surface of the earth. See also "absolute bearing" and "relative bearing".
• Beaufort Scale – The scale describing wind force devised by Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort in 1808, in which winds are graded by the effect of their force (originally, the amount of sail that a fully-rigged frigate could carry). Scale now reads up to Force 17.
• Before the mast – Literally, the area of a ship before the foremast (the forecastle). Most often used to describe men whose living quarters are located here, officers being quartered in the stern-most areas of the ship (near the quarterdeck). Officer-trainees lived between the two ends of the ship and become known as "midshipmen". Crew members who started out as seamen, then became midshipmen, and later, officers, were said to have gone from "one end of the ship to the other".
• Belay – To make fast a line around a fitting, usually a cleat or belaying pin. Also an order to halt a current activity or countermand an order prior to execution.
• Belaying pins – Bars of iron or hard wood to which running rigging may be secured, or belayed.
• Berth – A bed on a boat, or a space in a port or harbour where a vessel can be tied up.
• Bermudan rig – A triangular mainsail, without an upper spar, which is hoisted up the mast by a single halyard attached to the head of the sail. This configuration, introduced to Europe about 1920, allows the use of a tall mast, enabling sails to be set higher where wind speed is greater.
• Best bower (anchor) – The larger of two anchors carried in the bow; so named as it was the last, best hope.
• Between the Devil and the deep blue sea – See Devil seam.
• Bilge – The bilge is the compartment at the bottom of the hull of a ship or boat where water collects so that it may be pumped out of the vessel at a later time.
• Bight –

1. A loop in rope or line: a hitch or knot tied "on the bight" is one tied in the middle of the rope, without access to the ends.

2. An indentation in a coastline.

• Bilged on her anchor – A ship that has run upon her own anchor.
• Bimini – Weather-resistant fabric stretched over a stainless steel frame, fastened above the cockpit of a sailboat or flybridge of a power yacht which serves as a rain or sun shade.
• Bimmy – A punitive instrument
• Binnacle – The stand on which the ship's compass is mounted.
• Binnacle list – A ship's sick list. The list of men unable to report for duty was given to the officer or mate of the watch by the ship's surgeon. The list was kept at the binnacle.
• Bitt, plural Bitts – Posts mounted on the ship's bow, for fastening ropes or cables.
• Bitter end – The anchor cable is tied to the bitts, when the cable is fully paid out, the bitter end has been reached. The last part of a rope or cable.
• Bloody – An intensive derived from the substantive 'blood', a name applied to the Bucks, Scrowers, and Mohocks of the seventeenth centuries.
• Blue Peter – A blue and white flag hoisted at the foretrucks of ships about to sail.
• Boat – A craft or vessel designed to float on, and provide transport over, water.
• Boatswain or bosun – A non-commissioned officer responsible for the sails, ropes and boats on a ship who issues "piped" commands to seamen.
• Bobstay – A stay which pulls the bowsprit downwards, counteracting the effect of the forestay. Usually made of wire or chain to eliminate stretch.
• Bollard – From 'bol' or 'bole', the round trunk of a tree. A substantial vertical pillar to which lines may be made fast. Generally on the quayside rather than the ship.
• Bombay runner – Large cockroach.
• Bonded Jacky – A type of tobacco or sweet cake.
• Booby – A type of bird that has little fear and therefore is particularly easy to catch, hence booby prize.
• Booby hatch – A sliding hatch or cover.
• Boom – A spar used to extend the foot of a for-and-aft sail.
• Booms – Masts or yards, lying on board in reserve.
• Boom vang (vang) – A sail control that lets one apply downward tension on the boom, countering the upward tension provided by the mainsail. The boom vang adds an element of control to mainsail shape when the mainsheet is let out enough that it no longer pulls the boom down. Boom vang tension helps control leech twist, a primary component of sail power.
• Bottomry – Pledging a ship as security in a financial transaction.
• Buoy – A floating object of defined shape and color, which is anchored at a given position and serves as an aid to navigation.
• Bow – The front of a ship.
• Bow-chaser, chase or chase-piece – A long gun with a relatively small bore, placed in the bow-port to fire directly ahead. Used especially while chasing an enemy vessel to damage its sails and rigging. (quoted from A Sea of Words)
• Bowline – A type of knot, producing a strong loop of a fixed size, topologically similar to a sheet bend. Also a rope attached to the side of a sail to pull it towards the bow (for keeping the windward edge of the sail steady).
• Bowse – To pull or hoist.
• Bowsprit – A spar projecting from the bow used as an anchor for the forestay and other rigging.
• Boy seaman – a young sailor, still in training
• Box the compass – To state all 32 points of the compass, starting at north, proceeding clockwise. Sometimes applied to a wind that is constantly shifting.
• Brail – To furl or truss a sail by pulling it in towards the mast, or the ropes used to do so.
• Brake – The handle of the pump, by which it is worked.
• Brass monkeys or brass monkey weather – Very cold weather, origin unknown. A widely circulated folk etymology claiming to explain what a brass monkey is has been discredited by several people including Snopes and the Oxford English Dictionary.
• Bridge – A structure above the weather deck, extending the full width of the vessel, which houses a command centre, itself called by association, the bridge.
• Bring to – Cause a ship to be stationary by arranging the sails.
• Broaching-to – A sudden movement in navigation, when the ship, while scudding before the wind, accidentally turns her leeward side to windward, also use to describe the point when water starts to come over the gunwale due to this turn.
• Buffer – The chief boson’s mate (in the Royal Navy), responsible for discipline.
• Bulkhead – An upright wall within the hull of a ship. Particularly a load bearing wall.
• Bull of Barney – A beast mentioned in an obscene sea proverb.
• Bulwark – The extension of the ship's side above the level of the weather deck.
• Bumboat – A private boat selling goods.
• Bumpkin/Boomkin –

1. A spar, similar to a bowsprit, but which projects from the stern. May be used to attach the backstay or mizzen sheets.

2. An iron bar (projecting out-board from a ship's side) to which the lower and topsail brace blocks are sometimes hooked.

• Buntline – One of the lines tied to the bottom of a square sail and used to haul it up to the yard when furling.
• Bunting Tosser – A signalman who prepares and flies flag hoists. Also known in the American Navy as a skivvy waver.
• Buoyed Up – Lifted by a buoy, especially a cable that has been lifted to prevent it from trailing on the bottom.
• By and Large – By means into the wind, while large means with the wind. By and large is used to indicate all possible situations "the ship handles well both by and large".
• By the board – Anything that has gone overboard.

    C

• Cabin – an enclosed room on a deck or flat.
• Cabin boy – attendant on passengers and crew.
• Cable – A large rope; also a measure of length or distance. Equivalent to (UK) 1/10 nautical mile, approx. 600 feet; (USA) 120 fathoms, 720 feet (219 m); other countries use different values.
• Canister – a type of anti personnel cannon load in which lead balls or other loose metallic items were enclosed in a tin or iron shell. On firing the shell would disintegrate releasing the smaller metal objects.
• Cape Horn fever – The name of the fake illness a malingerer is pretending to suffer from.
• Capsize – When a ship or boat lists too far and rolls over, exposing the keel. On large vessels, this often results in the sinking of the ship.
• Capstan – A huge rotating hub (wheel) mounted vertically and provided with horizontal holes to take up the capstan bars (when manually rotated), used to wind in anchors or other heavy objects; and sometimes to administer flogging over.
• Captain's daughter – The cat o' nine tails, which in principle is only used on board on the captain's (or a court martial's) personal orders.
• Cardinal – Referring to the four main points of the compass: north, south, east and west. See also "bearing".
• Careening – Cause the ship to tilt on its side, usually to clean or repair the hull below the water line.
• Cat –

1. To prepare an anchor, after raising it by lifting it with a tackle to the Cat Head, prior to securing (fishing) it alongside for sea. (An anchor raised to the Cat Head is said to be catted).

2. The cat o' nine tails (see below).

3. A cat-rigged boat or catboat.

• Catamaran – A vessel with two hulls.
• Catboat – A cat-rigged vessel with only one sail, usually on a gaff.
• Cat o' nine tails – A short nine-tailed whip kept by the boson’s mate to flog sailors (and soldiers in the Army). When not in use, the cat was kept in a baize bag, hence the term "cat out of the bag". "Not enough room to swing a cat" also derives from this,
• Cat Head – A beam extending out from the hull used to support an anchor when raised in order to secure or 'fish' it.
• Centreboard – A removable keel used to resist leeway.
• Chafing – Wear on line or sail caused by constant rubbing against another surface.
• Chafing Gear – Material applied to a line or spar to prevent or reduce chafing. See Baggywrinkle.
• Chain shot – Cannon balls linked with chain used to damage rigging and masts.
• Chain-wale or channel – A broad, thick plank that projects horizontally from each of a ship's sides abreast a mast, distinguished as the fore, main, or mizzen channel accordingly, serving to extend the base for the shrouds, which supports the mast.
• Chase guns – Cannons mounted on the bow or stern. Those on the bow could be used to fire upon a ship ahead, while those on the rear could be used to ward off pursuing vessels.
• Cheeks –

1. Wooden blocks at the side of a spar.

2. The sides of a block or gun-carriage.

• Chine –

1. A relatively sharp angle in the hull, as compared to the rounded bottoms of most traditional boat hulls.

2. A line formed where the sides of a boat meet the bottom. Soft chine is when the two sides join at a shallow angle, and hard chine is when they join at a steep angle.

• Chock-a-block – Rigging blocks that are so tight against one another that they cannot be further tightened.
• Civil Red Ensign – The British Naval Ensign or Flag of the British Merchant Navy, a red flag with the Union Flag in the upper left corner. Colloquially called the "red duster".
• Clean bill of health – A certificate issued by a port indicating that the ship carries no infectious diseases.
• Clean slate – At the helm, the watch keeper would record details of speed, distances, headings, etc. on a slate. At the beginning of a new watch the slate would be wiped clean.
• Cleat – A stationary device used to secure a rope aboard a vessel.
• Clench – A method of fixing together two pieces of wood, usually overlapping planks, by driving a nail through both planks as well as a washer-like rove. The nail is then burred or riveted over to complete the fastening.
• Clew-lines – Used to truss up the clews, the lower corners of square sails.
• Close aboard - Near a ship.
• Club hauling The ship drops one of its anchors at high speed to turn abruptly. This was sometimes used as a means to get a good firing angle on a pursuing vessel.
• Coaming – The raised edge of a hatch, cockpit or skylight to help keep out water.
• Companionway – A raised and windowed hatchway in the ship's deck, with a ladder leading below and the hooded entrance-hatch to the main cabins.
• Compass – Navigational instrument that revolutionized travel.
• Corrector – a device to correct the ship's compass.
• Counter – The part of the stern above the waterline that extends beyond the rudder stock culminating in a small transom. A long counter increases the waterline length when the boat is heeled, so increasing hull speed.
• Courses the lowest square sail on each mast– The mainsail, foresail, and the mizzen on a four masted ship (the after most mast usually sets a gaff driver or spanker instead of a square sail).
• Coxswain or cockswain – The helmsman or crew member in command of a boat.
• As the crow flies – A direct line between two points (which might cross land) which is the way crows travel rather than ships which must go around land.
• Crance/Crans/Cranze iron – A fitting, mounted at the end of a bowsprit to which stays are attached.
• Cringle – A rope loop, usually at the corners of a sail, for fixing the sail to a spar. They are often reinforced with a metal eye.
• Cro'jack or crossjack – a square yard used to spread the foot of a topsail where no course is set, e.g. on the foremast of a topsail schooner or above the driver on the mizzen mast of a ship rigged vessel.
• Crow's nest – Specifically a masthead constructed with sides and sometimes a roof to shelter the lookouts from the weather, generally by whaling vessels, this term has become a generic term for what is properly called masthead. See masthead.
• Cuddy – A small cabin in a boat.
• Cunningham – A line invented by Briggs Cunningham, used to control the shape of a sail.
• Cunt splice – A join between two lines, similar to an eye-splice, where each rope end is joined to the other a short distance along, making an opening which closes under tension.
• Cuntline – The "valley" between the strands of a rope or cable. Before serving a section of laid rope e.g. to protect it from chafing, it may be "wormed" by laying yarns in the cuntlines, giving that section an even cylindrical shape.
• Cut and run – When wanting to make a quick escape, a ship might cut lashings to sails or cables for anchors, causing damage to the rigging, or losing an anchor, but shortening the time needed to make ready by bypassing the proper procedures.
• Cut of his jib – The "cut" of a sail refers to its shape. Since this would vary between ships, it could be used both to identify a familiar vessel at a distance, and to judge the possible sailing qualities of an unknown one.

    D

• Daggerboard – A type of centerboard that is removed vertically.
• Davy Jones’ Locker – An idiom for the bottom of the sea
• Daybeacon – An unlighted fixed structure which is equipped with a dayboard for daytime identification.
• Dayboard – The daytime identifier of an aid to navigation presenting one of several standard shapes (square, triangle, rectangle) and colors (red, green, white, orange, yellow, or black).
• Deadeye – A wooden block with holes which is spliced to a shroud. It is used to adjust the tension in the standing rigging of large sailing vessels, by lacing through the holes with a lanyard to the deck. Performs the same job as a turnbuckle.
• Deadrise – The design angle between the keel (q.v.) and horizontal.
• Deadwood – A wooden part of the centerline structure of a boat, usually between the sternpost and amidships.
• Decks – the structures forming the approximately horizontal surfaces in the ship's general structure. Unlike flats, they are a structural part of the ship.
• Deck hand – A person whose job involves aiding the deck supervisor in (un)mooring, anchoring, maintenance, and general evolutions on deck.
• Deck supervisor – The person in charge of all evolutions and maintenance on deck; sometimes split into two groups: forward deck supervisor, aft deck supervisor.
• Deckhead – The under-side of the deck above. Sometimes paneled over to hide the pipe work. This paneling, like that lining the bottom and sides of the holds, is the ceiling.
• Derrick – A lifting device composed of one mast or pole and a boom or jib which is hinged freely at the bottom.
• Devil seam – The devil was possibly a slang term for the garboard seam, hence "between the devil and the deep blue sea" being an allusion to keel hauling, but a more popular version seems to be the seam between the waterway and the stanchions which would be difficult to get at, requiring a cranked caulking iron, and a restricted swing of the caulking mallet.
• Devil to pay (or Devil to pay, and no pitch hot) – 'Paying' the Devil is sealing the devil seam. It is a difficult and unpleasant job (with no resources) because of the shape of the seam (up against the stanchions) or if the devil refers to the garboard seam, it must be done with the ship slipped or careened..
• Directional light – A light illuminating a sector or very narrow angle and intended to mark a direction to be followed.
• Disrate – To reduce in rank or rating; demote.
• Dog watch – A short watch period, generally half the usual time (e.g. a two hour watch between two four hour ones). Such a watch might be included in order to slowly rotate the system over several days for fairness, or to allow both watches to eat their meals at approximately normal times.
• Dolphin – A structure consisting of a number of piles driven into the seabed or riverbed in a circular pattern and drawn together with wire rope.
• Downhaul – A line used to control either a mobile spar, or the shape of a sail.
• Draft – The depth of a ship's keel below the waterline.
• Draught – See draft.
• Dressing down – Treating old sails with oil or wax to renew them, or a verbal reprimand.
• Driver – The large sail flown from the mizzen gaff.
• Driver-mast – The fifth mast of a six-masted barquentine or gaff schooner. It is preceded by the jigger mast and followed by the spanker mast. The sixth mast of the only seven-masted vessel, the gaff schooner Thomas W. Lawson, was normally called the pusher-mast.
• Dunnage –

1. Loose packing material used to protect a ship's cargo from damage during transport.

2. Personal baggage.

    E

• Earrings – Small lines, by which the uppermost corners of the largest sails are secured to the yardarms.
• Echo sounding - Measuring the depth of the water using a sonar device. Also see sounding and swinging the lead.
• Embayed – The condition where a sailing vessel is confined between two capes or headlands, typically where the wind is blowing directly onshore.
• Extremis – (also known as “in extremis”) the point under International Rules of the Road (Navigation Rules) at which the privileged (or stand-on) vessel on collision course with a burdened (or give-way) vessel determines it must maneuver to avoid a collision. Prior to extremis, the privileged vessel must maintain course and speed and the burdened vessel must maneuver to avoid collision.

    F

• Fair –

1. A smooth curve, usually referring to a line of the hull which has no deviations.

2. To make something flush.

3. A rope is fair when it has a clear run. 4. A wind or current is fair when it offers an advantage to a boat.

• Fast - Fastened or held firmly (fast aground: stuck on the seabed; made fast: tied securely).
• Fathom – A unit of length equal to 6 feet (1.8 m), roughly measured as the distance between a man's outstretched hands.
• Fender – An air or foam filled bumper used in boating to keep boats from banging into docks or each other.
• Fetch –

1. The distance across water which a wind or waves have traveled.

2. To reach a mark without tacking.

• Fid –

1. A tapered wooden tool used for separating the strands of rope for splicing.

2. A bar used to fix an upper mast in place.

• Figurehead – symbolic image at the head of a traditional sailing ship or early steamer.
• Fireship – A ship loaded with flammable materials and explosives and sailed into an enemy port or fleet either already burning or ready to be set alight by its crew (who would then abandon it) in order to collide with and set fire to enemy ships.
• First rate – The classification for the largest sailing warships of the 17th through 19th centuries. They had 3 masts, 850+ crew and 100+ guns.
• Fish –

1. To repair a mast or spar with a fillet of wood.

2. To secure an anchor on the side of the ship for sea (otherwise known as "catting".)

• First Lieutenant – In the Royal Navy, the senior lieutenant on board; responsible to the Commander for the domestic affairs of the ship's company. Also known as 'Jimmy the One' or 'Number One'. Removes his cap when visiting the mess decks as token of respect for the privacy of the crew in those quarters. Officer i/c cables on the forecastle. In the U.S. Navy the senior person in charge of all Deck hands.
• First Mate – The Second in command of a ship
• Flag hoist – A number of signal flags strung together to convey a message, e.g. 'England expects...'.
• Flank – The maximum speed of a ship. Faster than "full speed".
• Flare –

1. A curvature of the topsides outward towards the gunwale.

2. A pyrotechnic signalling device, usually used to indicate distress.

• Flatback – A Great Lakes slang term for a vessel without any self unloading equipment.
• Flotsam – Debris or cargo that remains afloat after a shipwreck. See also jetsam.
• Fluke – The wedge-shaped part of an anchor's arms that digs into the bottom.
• Fly by night – A large sail used only for sailing downwind, requiring little attention.
• Following sea – Wave or tidal movement going in the same direction as a ship
• Foot –

1. The lower edge of any sail.

2. The bottom of a mast.

3. A measurement of 12 inches.

• Footloose – If the foot of a sail is not secured properly, it is footloose, blowing around in the wind.
• Footrope – Each yard on a square rigged sailing ship is equipped with a footrope for sailors to stand on while setting or stowing the sails
• Forecastle – A partial deck, above the upper deck and at the head of the vessel; traditionally the sailors' living quarters. Pronounced 'focsle'. The name is derived from the castle fitted to bear archers in time of war.
• Forward – Towards the bow (of the vessel)
• Founder – To fill with water and sink → Wiktionary
• Fore – Towards the bow (of the vessel).
• Forefoot – The lower part of the stem of a ship.
• Foremast jack – An enlisted sailor, one who is housed before the foremast.
• Forestays – Long lines or cables, reaching from the front of the vessel to the mast heads, used to support the mast.
• Foul –

1. The opposite of clear. For instance, a rope is foul when it does nor run straight or smoothly, and an anchor is foul when it is caught on an obstruction.

2. A breach of racing rules.

• Frame – A transverse structural member which gives the hull strength and shape. Wooden frames may be sawn, bent or laminated into shape. Planking is then fastened to the frames. A bent frame is called a timber.
• Freeboard – The height of a ship's hull (excluding superstructure) above the waterline. The vertical distance from the current waterline to the lowest point on the highest continuous watertight deck. This usually varies from one part to another.
• Full and by – Sailing into the wind (by), but not as close-hauled as might be possible, so as to make sure the sails are kept full. This provides a margin for error to avoid being taken aback (a serious risk for square-rigged vessels) in a tricky sea. Figuratively it implies getting on with the job but in a steady, relaxed way, without undue urgency or strain.
• Furl – To roll or wrap a sail around the mast or spar to which it is attached.
• Futtocks – Pieces of timber that make up a large transverse frame.

    G

• Gaff –

1. The spar that holds the upper edge of a four-sided fore-and-aft mounted sail.

2. A long hook with a sharp point to haul fish in.

• Gaff rigged – A boat rigged with a four-sided fore-and-aft sail mounted on an upper spar or gaff which extends aft from the mast.
• Gammon iron – The bow fitting which clamps the bowsprit to the stem.
• Galley – the kitchen of the ship
• Gangplank – A movable bridge used in boarding or leaving a ship at a pier; also known as a "brow".
• Gangway – An opening in the bulwark of the ship to allow passengers to board or leave the ship.
• Garbled – Garbling was the (illegal) practice of mixing cargo with garbage.
• Garboard – The strake closest to the keel (from Dutch gaarboard).
• Garboard planks – The planks immediately either side of the keel.
• Ghost – To sail slowly when there is apparently no wind.
• Global Positioning System – (GPS) A satellite based radio navigation system providing continuous worldwide coverage. It provides navigation, position, and timing information to air, marine, and land users.
• Gooseneck – Fitting that attaches the boom to the mast, allowing it to move freely.
• Grapeshot – Small balls of lead fired from a cannon, similar to shotgun shot on a larger scale. Used to hurt people, rather than cause structural damage.
• Grave – To clean a ship’s bottom.
• Grog – Watered-down pusser's rum consisting of half a gill with equal part of water, issued to all seamen over twenty. (CPOs and POs were issued with neat rum) From the British Admiral Vernon who, in 1740, ordered the men's ration of rum to be watered down. He was called "Old Grogram" because he often wore a grogram coat), and the watered rum came to be called 'grog'. Often used (illegally) as currency in exchange for favours in quantities prescribed as 'sippers' and 'gulpers'. Additional issues of grog were made on the command 'splice the mainbrace' for celebrations or as a reward for performing especially onerous duties. The RN discontinued the practice of issuing rum in 1970. A sailor might repay a colleague for a favour by giving him part or all of his grog ration, ranging from "sippers" (a small amount) via "gulpers" (a larger quantity) to "grounders" (the entire tot).
• Groggy – Drunk from having consumed a lot of grog.
• Ground - The bed of the sea.
• Grounding - When a ship (while afloat) touches the bed of the sea, or goes "aground" (qv).
• Gunner's daughter – see Kissing the G.'s D.
• Gunwale – Upper edge of the hull.

    H

• Halyard or Halliard – Originally, ropes used for hoisting a spar with a sail attached; today, a line used to raise the head of any sail.
• Hammock – Canvas sheets, slung from the deckhead in messdecks, in which seamen slept. "Lash up and stow" a piped command to tie up hammocks and stow them (typically) in racks inboard of the ship's side to protect crew from splinters from shot and provide a ready means of preventing flooding caused by damage.
• Handy billy – A loose block and tackle with a hook or tail on each end, which can be used wherever it is needed. Usually made up of one single and one double block.
• Hand bomber – A ship using coal-fired boilers shoveled in by hand.
• Hand over fist – To climb steadily upwards, from the motion of a sailor climbing shrouds on a sailing ship (originally "hand over hand").
• Handsomely – With a slow even motion, as when hauling on a line "handsomely".
• Hank – A fastener attached to the luff of the headsail that attaches the headsail to the forestay. Typical designs include a bronze or plastic hook with a spring-operated gate, or a strip of cloth webbing with a snap fastener.
• Harbor – A harbor or harbour, or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored. Harbours can be man-made or natural.
• Hatchway, hatch – A covered opening in a ship's deck through which cargo can be moved or access made to a lower deck; the cover to the opening is called a hatch.
• Haul wind – To point the ship towards the direction of the wind; generally not the fastest point of travel on a sailing vessel.
• Hawse-hole – A hole in a ship's bow for a cable or chain, such as for an anchor, to pass through.
• Hawsepiper – An informal maritime industry term used to refer to a merchant ship’s officer who began his or her career as an unlicensed merchant seaman and did not attend a traditional maritime college/academy to earn the officer license.
• Head – The toilet or latrine of a vessel, which for sailing ships projected from the bows
• Head of navigation – A term used to describe the farthest point above the mouth of a river that can be navigated by ships.
• Headsail – Any sail flown in front of the most forward mast.
• Heave – A vessel's transient up-and-down motion.
• Heaving to – To stop a sailing vessel by lashing the helm in opposition to the sails. The vessel will gradually drift to leeward, the speed of the drift depending on the vessel's design.
• Heave down – Turn a ship on its side (for cleaning).
• Heeling – Heeling is the lean caused by the wind's force on the sails of a sailing vessel.
• Helmsman – A person who steers a ship
• Highfield lever – A particular type of tensioning lever, usually for running backstays. Their use allows the leeward backstay to be completely slackened so that the boom can be let fully out.
• Hog –

1. A fore-and-aft structural member of the hull fitted over the keel to provide a fixing for the garboard planks.

2. A rough flat scrubbing brush for cleaning a ship’s bottom under water.

• Hogging – The distortion of the hull where the ends of the keel are lower than the center.
• Hold – In earlier use, below the orlop deck, the lower part of the interior of a ship's hull, especially when considered as storage space, as for cargo. In later merchant vessels it extended up through the decks to the underside of the weather deck.
• Holiday – A gap in the coverage of newly applied paint, slush, tar or other preservative.
• Holystone – A chunk of sandstone used to scrub the decks. The name comes from both the kneeling position sailors adopt to scrub the deck (reminiscent of genuflection for prayer), and the stone itself (which resembled a Bible in shape and size).
• Horn – A sound signal which uses electricity or compressed air to vibrate a disc diaphragm.
• Horn timber – A fore-and-aft structural member of the hull sloping up and backwards from the keel to support the counter.
• Horse –

1. Attachment of sheets to deck of vessel (Main-sheet horse).

2. (v.) To move or adjust sail by brute hand force rather than using running rigging.

• Hounds – Attachments of stays to masts.
• Hull – The shell and framework of the basic flotation-oriented part of a ship
• Hydrofoil – A boat with wing-like foils mounted on struts below the hull.

    I

• Icing – A serious hazard where cold temperatures (below about -10°C) combined with high wind speed (typically force 8 or above on the Beaufort scale) result in spray blown off the sea freezing immediately on contact with the ship
• Idlers – Members of a ship's company not required to serve watches. These were in general specialist tradesmen such as the carpenter and the sailmaker.
• Inglefield clip – A type of clip for attaching a flag to a flag halyard.
• In Irons – When the bow of a sailboat is headed into the wind and the boat has stalled and is unable to maneuver
• In the offing – In the water visible from on board a ship, now used to mean something imminent.
• Inboard-Outboard drive system – A larger Power Boating alternative drive system to transom mounted outboard motors.
• In-water survey – a method of surveying the underwater parts of a ship while it is still afloat instead of having to dry-dock it for examination of these areas as was conventionally done.

    J

• Jack –

1 - a sailor.

2 - A flag. Typically the flag was talked about as if it were a member of the crew. Strictly speaking, a flag is only a "jack" if it is worn at the jackstaff at the bow of a ship.

• Jacklines or jack stays – Lines, often steel wire with a plastic jacket, from the bow to the stern on both port and starboard. The Jack Lines are used to clip on the safety harness to secure the crew to the vessel while giving them the freedom to walk on the deck.
• Jack tar – A sailor dressed in 'square rig' with square collar. Formerly with a tarred pigtail.
• Jetsam – Debris ejected from a ship that sinks or washes ashore. See also flotsam.
• Jib – A triangular staysail at the front of a ship.
• Jibboom – A spar used to extend the bowsprit.
• Jigger-mast – The fourth mast, although ships with four or more masts were uncommon, or the aft most mast where it is smallest on vessels of less than four masts.
• Jollies – Traditional Royal Navy nickname for the Royal Marines.
• Joggle – a slender triangular recess cut into the faying surface of a frame or steamed timber to fit over the land of clinker planking, or cut into the faying edge of a plank or rebate to avoid feather ends on a streak of planking. The feather end is cut off to produce a nib. The joggle and nib in this case is made wide enough to allow a caulking iron to enter the seam.
• Junk – Old cordage past its useful service life as lines aboard ship. The strands of old junk were teased apart in the process called picking oakum.

    K

• Keel – The central structural basis of the hull
• Keelhauling – Maritime punishment: to punish by dragging under the keel of a ship.
• Kelson – The timber immediately above the keel of a wooden ship.
• Killick – A small anchor. A fouled killick is the substantive badge of non-commissioned officers in the RN. Seamen promoted to the first step in the promotion ladder are called 'Killick'. The badge signifies that here is an Able Seaman skilled to cope with the awkward job of dealing with a fouled anchor.
• Kissing the gunner's daughter – bend over the barrel of a gun for punitive spanking with a cane or cat
• King plank – The centerline plank of a laid deck. Its sides are often recessed, or nibbed, to take the ends of their parallel curved deck planks.
• Knee – Connects two parts roughly at right angles, e.g. deck beams to frames.
• Know the ropes – A sailor who 'knows the ropes' is familiar with the miles of cordage and ropes involved in running a ship.

    L

• Ladder – On board a ship, all "stairs" are called ladders, except for literal staircases aboard passenger ships. Most "stairs" on a ship are narrow and nearly vertical, hence the name. Believed to be from the Anglo-Saxon word hiaeder, meaning ladder.
• Laker –Great Lakes slang for a vessel who spends all its time on the 5 Great Lakes.
• Land lubber – A person unfamiliar with being on the sea.
• Lanyard – A rope that ties something off.
• Larboard – The left side of the ship (archaic, see port). cf. starboard. Derived from the old 'lay-board' providing access between a ship and a quay.
• Large – See by and large.
• Lateral system – A system of aids to navigation in which characteristics of buoys and beacons indicate the sides of the channel or route relative to a conventional direction of buoyage (usually upstream).
• Lay – To come and go, used in giving orders to the crew, such as "lay forward" or "lay aloft". To direct the course of vessel. Also, to twist the strands of a rope together.
• Lay down – To lay a ship down is to begin construction in a shipyard.
• Lazarette – Small stowage locker at the aft end of a boat.
• League – A unit of length, normally equal to three nautical miles.
• Leech – The aft or trailing edge of a fore-and-aft sail; the leeward edge of a spinnaker; a vertical edge of a square sail. The leech is susceptible to twist, which is controlled by the boom vang and mainsheet.
• Lee side – The side of a ship sheltered from the wind (cf. weather side).
• Lee shore – A shore downwind of a ship. A ship which cannot sail well to windward risks being blown onto a lee shore and grounded.
• Leeway – The amount that a ship is blown leeward by the wind. See also weatherly.
• Leeward – In the direction that the wind is blowing towards.
• Let go and haul – An order indicating that the ship is in line with the wind.
• Letter of marque and reprisal – A warrant granted to a privateer condoning specific acts of piracy against a target as a redress for grievances.
• Lifebelt, lifejacket, life preserver or Mae West - a device such as a buoyant ring or inflatable jacket which keeps a person afloat in the water.
• Lifeboat –

1. A shipboard lifeboat, kept on board a vessel and used to take crew and passengers to safety in the event of the ship being abandoned.

2. A rescue lifeboat, usually launched from shore, used to rescue people from the water or from vessels in difficulty.

• Liferaft - An inflatable, covered raft, used in the event of a vessel being abandoned.
• Line – the correct nautical term for the majority of the cordage or "ropes" used on a vessel. A line will always have a more specific name, such as mizzen topsail halyard, which describes its use.
• Liner – Ship of the line: a major warship capable of taking its place in the main (battle) line of fighting ships. Hence modern term for most prestigious passenger vessel: Liner.
• List – The vessel's angle of lean or tilt to one side, in the direction called roll.
• Loaded to the gunwales – Literally, having cargo loaded as high as the ship's rail; also means extremely drunk.
• Loggerhead – An iron ball attached to a long handle, used for driving caulking into seams and (occasionally) in a fight. Hence: 'at loggerheads'.
• Loose cannon – An irresponsible and reckless individual whose behavior (either intended or unintended) endangers the group he or she belongs to. A loose cannon, weighing thousands of pounds, would crush anything and anyone in its path, and possibly even break a hole in the hull, thus endangering the seaworthiness of the whole ship.
• Loose footed – A mainsail that is not connected to a boom along its foot.
• Lubber's line – A vertical line inside a compass case indicating the direction of the ship's head.
• Luff – The forward edge of a sail.
• Luff up – To steer a sailing vessel more towards the direction of the wind until the pressure is eased on the [sheet].
• Luffing

1. When a sailing vessel is steered far enough to windward that the sail is no longer completely filled with wind (the luff of a fore-and-aft sail begins to flap first).

2. Loosening a sheet so far past optimal trim that the sail is no longer completely filled with wind.

3. The flapping of the sail(s) which results from having no wind in the sail at all

• Lying ahull – Waiting out a storm by dousing all sails and simply letting the boat drift.

    M

• Mae West - A Second World War personal flotation device used to keep people afloat in the water; named after the 1930s actress Mae West, well-known for her pneumatic torso.
• Magnetic bearing - An absolute bearing (qv) using magnetic north.
• Magnetic north - The direction towards the magnetic north pole. Varies slowly over time.
• Mainbrace – One of the braces attached to the mainmast.
• Mainmast (or Main) – The tallest mast on a ship.
• Mainsheet – Sail control line that allows the most obvious effect on mainsail trim. Primarily used to control the angle of the boom, and thereby the mainsail, this control can also increase or decrease downward tension on the boom while sailing upwind, significantly affecting sail shape. For more control over downward tension on the boom, use a boom vang.
• Man of war or man o' war – a warship from the age of sail
• Man overboard! – A cry let out when a seaman has gone overboard.
• Marconi rig – Another term for Bermudan rig. The mainsail is triangular, rigged fore-and-aft with the lead edge fixed to the mast. Refers to the similarity of the tall mast to a radio aerial.
• Marina – a docking facility for small ships and yachts.
• Marines Soldiers afloat. Royal Marines formed as the Duke of York and Albany's Maritime Regiment of Foot in 1664 with many and varied duties including providing guard to ship's officers should there be mutiny aboard. Sometimes thought by seamen to be rather gullible, hence the phrase "tell it to the marines".
• Mast – A vertical pole on a ship which supports sails or rigging.
• Masthead – A small platform partway up the mast, just above the height of the mast's main yard. A lookout is stationed here, and men who are working on the main yard will embark from here. See also Crow's Nest.
• Master – Either the commander of commercial vessel, or a senior officer of a naval sailing ship in charge of routine seamanship and navigation but not in command during combat.
• Master-at-Arms – A non-commissioned officer responsible for discipline on a naval ship. Standing between the officers and the crew, commonly known in the Royal Navy as 'the Buffer'.
• Matelot – A traditional Royal Navy term for an ordinary sailor.
• Mess – An eating place aboard ship. A group of crew who live and feed together,
• Mess deck catering – A system of catering in which a standard ration is issued to a mess supplemented by a money allowance which may be used by the mess to buy additional victuals from the pusser's stores or elsewhere. Each mess was autonomous and self-regulating. Seaman cooks, often members of the mess, prepared the meals and took them, in a tin canteen, to the galley to be cooked by the ship's cooks. As distinct from "cafeteria messing" where food is issued to the individual hand, which now the general practice.
• Midshipman – A non-commissioned officer below the rank of Lieutenant. Usually regarded as being "in training" to some degree. Also known as 'Snotty'. 'The lowest form of animal life in the Royal Navy' where he has authority over and responsibility for more junior ranks, yet, at the same time, relying on their experience and learning his trade from them.
• Mizzenmast (or Mizzen) – The third mast on a ship.
• Mizzen staysail – Sail on a ketch or yawl, usually lightweight, set from, and forward of, the mizzen mast while reaching in light to moderate air.
• Monkey fist – a ball woven out of line used to provide heft to heave the line to another location. The monkey fist and other heaving-line knots were sometimes weighted with lead (easily available in the form of foil used to seal e.g. tea chests from dampness) although Clifford W. Ashley notes that there was a "definite sporting limit" to the weight thus added.
• Moor – to attach a boat to a mooring buoy or post. Also, to a dock a ship.
• Mould – A template of the shape of the hull in transverse section. Several moulds are used to form a temporary framework around which a hull is built.

    N

• Navigation rules – Rules of the road that provide guidance on how to avoid collision and also used to assign blame when a collision does occur.
• Nipper – Short rope used to bind a cable to the "messenger" (a moving line propelled by the capstan) so that the cable is dragged along too (Used because the cable is too large to be wrapped round the capstan itself). During the raising of an anchor the nippers were attached and detached from the (endless) messenger by the ship's boys. Hence the term for small boys: 'nippers'.
• No room to swing a cat – The entire ship's company was expected to witness floggings, assembled on deck. If it was very crowded, the bosun might not have room to swing the 'cat o' nine tails' (the whip).

    O

• Oakum – Material used for caulking hulls. Often hemp picked from old untwisted ropes.
• Oilskins or oilies - Foul-weather clothing worn by sailors.
• Oreboat –Great Lakes Term for a vessel primarily used in the transport of iron ore.
• Orlop deck The lowest deck of a ship of the line. The deck covering in the hold.
• Outhaul – A line used to control the shape of a sail.
• Outward bound – To leave the safety of port, heading for the open ocean.
• Overbear – To sail downwind directly at another ship, stealing the wind from its sails.
• Overfall – Dangerously steep and breaking seas due to opposing currents and wind in a shallow area.
• Overhaul – Hauling the buntline ropes over the sails to prevent them from chaffing.
• Overhead – The "ceiling," or, essentially, the bottom of the deck above you.
• Overreach – When tacking, to hold a course too long.
• Over the barrel – Adult sailors were flogged on the back or shoulders while tied to a grating, but boys were beaten instead on the posterior (often bared), with a cane or cat, while bending, often tied down, over the barrel of a gun, known as (kissing) the gunner's daughter.
• Overwhelmed – Capsized or foundered.
• Owner – traditional Royal Navy term for the Captain, a survival from the days when privately-owned ships were often hired for naval service.
• Ox-Eye – A cloud or other weather phenomenon that may be indicative of an upcoming storm.

    P

• Panting – The pulsation in and out of the bow and stern plating as the ship alternately rises and plunges deep into the water
• Parbuckle – A method of lifting a roughly cylindrical object such as a spar. One end of a rope is made fast above the object, a loop of rope is lowered and passed around the object, which can be raised by hauling on the free end of rope.
• Parrel – A movable loop or collar, used to fasten a yard or gaff to its respective mast. Parrel still allows the spar to be raised or lowered and swivel around the mast. Can be made of wire or rope and fitted with beads to reduce friction.
• Part brass rags – Fall out with a friend. From the days when cleaning materials were shared between sailors.
• Pay – Fill a seam (with caulking or pitch), or to lubricate the running rigging; pay with slush (q.v.), or protect from the weather by covering with slush. See also: The Devil to pay. (French from paix, pitch)
• Paymaster – The officer responsible for all money matters in RN ships including the paying and provisioning of the crew, all stores, tools and spare parts. See also: purser.
• Pier-head jump – When a sailor is drafted to a warship at the last minute, just before she sails.
• Pilot – Navigator. A specially knowledgeable person qualified to navigate a vessel through difficult waters, e.g. harbour pilot etc.
• Pipe (Bos'n's), or a bos'n's call – A whistle used by Boatswains (bosons or bos'ns) to issue commands. Consisting of a metal tube which directs the breath over an aperture on the top of a hollow ball to produce high pitched notes. The pitch of the notes can be changed by partly covering the aperture with the finger of the hand in which the pipe is held. The shape of the instrument is similar to that of a smoking pipe.
• Pipe down – A signal on the boson’s pipe to signal the end of the day, requiring lights (and smoking pipes) to be extinguished and silence from the crew.
• Piping the side – A salute on the bos'n's pipe(s) performed in the company of the deck watch on the starboard side of the quarterdeck or at the head of the gangway, to welcome or bid farewell to the ship's Captain, senior officers and honoured visitors.
• Pitch – A vessel's motion, rotating about the beam axis, so the bow pitches up and down.
• Pitchpole – To capsize a boat end over end, rather than by rolling over.
• Pontoon – A flat-bottomed vessel used as a ferry, barge, car float or a float moored alongside a jetty or a ship to facilitate boarding.
• Poop deck – A high deck on the aft superstructure of a ship.
• Pooped –

1. Swamped by a high, following sea.

2. Exhausted.

• Port – Towards the left-hand side of the ship facing forward (formerly Larboard). Denoted with a red light at night.
• Porthole- an opening in a ship's side, esp. a round one for admitting light and air, fitted with thick glass and, often, a hinged metal cover, a window
• Press gang – Formed body of personnel from a ship of the Royal Navy (either a ship seeking personnel for its own crew or from a 'press tender' seeking men for a number of ships) that would identify and force (press) men, usually merchant sailors into service on naval ships usually against their will.
• Preventer (gybe preventer, jibe preventer) – A sail control line originating at some point on the boom leading to a fixed point on the boat's deck or rail (usually a cleat or pad eye) used to prevent or moderate the effects of an accidental jibe.
• Privateer – A privately-owned ship authorized by a national power (by means of a Letter of Marque) to conduct hostilities against an enemy. Also called a private man of war.
• Propeller walk or prop walk – tendency for a propeller to push the stern sideways. In theory a right hand propeller in reverse will walk the stern to port.
• Prow – a poetical alternative term for bows.
• Purchase – A mechanical method of increasing force, such as a tackle or lever.
• Pusser – Purser, the person who buys, stores and sells all stores on board ships, including victuals, rum and tobacco. Originally a private merchant, latterly a warrant officer. Also, in modern use, a term for the Navy in general (pussers) or a sailor in particular (a pusser).
• Principal Warfare Officer – PWO, one of a number of Warfare branch specialist officers.

    Q

• Queen's (King's) Regulations – The standing orders governing the British Royal Navy issued in the name of the current Monarch.
• Quarterdeck – The aftermost deck of a warship. In the age of sail, the quarterdeck was the preserve of the ship's officers.
• Quayside – Refers to the dock or platform used to fasten a vessel to

    R

• Rabbet or rebate – A groove cut in wood to form part of a joint.
• Radar – Acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging. An electronic system designed to transmit radio signals and receive reflected images of those signals from a "target" in order to determine the bearing and distance to the "target".
• Radar reflector – A special fixture fitted to a vessel or incorporated into the design of certain aids to navigation to enhance their ability to reflect radar energy. In general, these fixtures will materially improve the visibility for use by vessels with radar.
• Range lights – Two lights associated to form a range (a line formed by the extension of a line connecting two charted points) which often, but not necessarily, indicates the channel centerline. The front range light is the lower of the two, and nearer to the mariner using the range. The rear light is higher and further from the mariner.
• Ratlines – Rope ladders permanently rigged from bulwarks and tops to the mast to enable access to top masts and yards.
• Reach – A point of sail from about 60° to about 160° off the wind. Reaching consists of "close reaching" (about 60° to 80°), "beam reaching" (about 90°) and "broad reaching" (about 120° to 160°)
• Red Duster – Traditional nickname for the Red Ensign, the civil ensign (flag) carried by United Kingdom civilian vessels.
• Reduced cat – A light version on the cat o'nine tails for use on boys; also called "boys' pussy".
• Reef

1. Reef: To temporarily reduce the area of a sail exposed to the wind, usually to guard against adverse effects of strong wind or to slow the vessel.

2. Reef: Rock or coral, possibly only revealed at low tide, shallow enough that the vessel will at least touch if not go aground.

• Reef points – Small lengths of cord attached to a sail, used to secure the excess fabric after reefing.
• Reef-bands – Long pieces of rough canvas sewed across the sails to give them additional strength.
• Reef-tackles – Ropes employed in the operation of reefing.
• Relative bearing - A bearing relative to the direction of the ship: the clockwise angle between the ship's direction and an object. See also "absolute bearing" and "bearing".
• Rigging – The system of masts and lines on ships and other sailing vessels.
• Righting couple – The force which tends to restore a ship to equilibrium once a heel has altered the relationship between her centre of buoyancy and her centre of gravity.
• Rigol – The rim or 'eyebrow' above a port-hole or scuttle.
• Roll – A vessel's motion rotating from side to side, about the fore-aft axis. List (qv) is a lasting tilt in the roll direction.
• Rolling-tackle – A number of pulleys, engaged to confine the yard to the weather side of the mast; this tackle is much used in a rough sea.
• The Ropes - the lines in the rigging.
• Rope's end A summary punishment device.
• Rubbing strake – An extra plank fitted to the outside of the hull, usually at deck level, to protect the topsides.
• Rummage sale – A sale of damaged cargo (from French arrimage).
• Running rigging – Rigging used to manipulate sails, spars, etc. in order to control the movement of the ship. Cf. standing rigging.

    S

• Sagging – When a trough of a wave is amidship, causing the hull to deflect so that the ends of the keel are higher than the middle. The opposite to hogging.
• Sail-plan – A set of drawings showing various sail combinations recommended for use in various situations.
• Saltie – Great Lakes term for a vessel that sails the oceans.
• Sampson post – A strong vertical post used to support a ship's windlass and the heel of a ship's bowsprit.
• Scandalize – To reduce the area and efficiency of a sail by expedient means (slacking the peak and tricing up the tack) without properly reefing, thus slowing boat speed. Also used in the past as a sign of mourning.
• Scow –

1. A method of preparing an anchor for tripping by attaching an anchor cable to the crown and fixing to the ring by a light seizing (also known as becue). The seizing can be broken if the anchor becomes fouled.

2. A type of clinker dinghy, characteristically beamy and slow.

• Scud – A name given by sailors to the lowest clouds, which are mostly observed in squally weather.
• Scudding – A term applied to a vessel when carried furiously along by a tempest.
• Scuppers – Originally a series of pipes fitted through the ships side from inside the thicker deck waterway to the topside planking to drain water overboard, larger quantities drained through freeing ports, which were hinged openings in the bulwarks.
• Scuttle – A small opening, or lid thereof, in a ship's deck or hull. To cut a hole in, or sink something.
• Scuttlebutt – A barrel with a hole in used to hold water that sailors would drink from. Also: gossip.
• Sea anchor – A stabilizer deployed in the water for heaving to in heavy weather. It acts as a brake and keeps the hull in line with the wind and perpendicular to waves.
• Seaboots - High waterproof boots for use at sea. In leisure sailing known as sailing wellies.
• Sea chest – A watertight box built against the hull of the ship communicating with the sea through a grillage, to which valves and piping are attached to allow water in for ballast, engine cooling, and firefighting purposes.
• Seacock – a valve on the hull of a boat.
• Seaman – Generic term for sailor, or (part of) a low naval rank
• Seaworthy – Certified for, and capable of, safely sailing at sea.
• Self-unloader – Great Lakes slang term for a vessel with a conveyor or some other method of unloading the cargo without shoreside equipment.
• Sennet whip – A summary punitive implement
• Shakes – Pieces of barrels or casks broken down to save space. They are worth very little, leading to the phrase "no great shakes".
• Sheer – The upward curve of a vessel's longitudinal lines as viewed from the side.
• Sheet – A rope used to control the setting of a sail in relation to the direction of the wind.
• Sextant - Navigational instrument used to measure a ship's latitude and longitude.
• Ship – Strictly, a three-masted vessel square-rigged on all three masts, or on three masts of a vessel with more than three. Hence a ship rigged barque would be a four master, square rigged on fore, main and mizzen, with spanker and gaff topsail only on the Jigger-mast. Generally now used to describe most medium or large vessels outfitted with smaller boats. As a consequence of this submarines may be larger than small ships, but are called boats because they do not carry boats of their own. Derived from the Anglo-Saxon word 'scip'.
• Ship's bell – Striking the ship's bell is the traditional method of marking time and regulating the crew's watches.
• Ship's company – The crew of a ship.
• Shoal – Shallow water that is a hazard to navigation.
• Shoal draught - Of a vessel with shallow draught, so capable of sailing in unusually shallow water.
• Shrouds – Standing rigging running from a mast to the sides of a ships.
• Sick bay – The compartment reserved for medical purposes.
• Siren – A sound signal which uses electricity or compressed air to actuate either a disc or a cup shaped rotor.
• Skipper – The captain of a ship.
• Skysail – A sail set very high, above the royals. Only carried by a few ships.
• Skyscraper – A small, triangular sail, above the skysail. Used in light winds on a few ships.
• Slop chest – A ship's store of merchandise, such as clothing, tobacco, etc., maintained aboard merchant ships for sale to the crew.
• Slush – Greasy substance obtained by boiling or scraping the fat from empty salted meat storage barrels, or the floating fat residue after boiling the crew's meal. In the Royal Navy the perquisite of the cook who could sell it or exchange it (usually for alcohol) with other members of the crew. Used for greasing parts of the running rigging of the ship and therefore valuable to the master and bosun.
• Slush fund – The money obtained by the cook selling slush ashore. Used for the benefit of the crew (or the cook).
• Small bower (anchor) – The smaller of two anchors carried in the bow.
• Snow – A form of brig where the gaff spanker or driver is rigged on a "snow mast" a lighter spar supported in chocks close behind the main-mast.
• Son of a gun – The space between the guns was used as a semi-private place for trysts with prostitutes and wives, which sometimes led to birth of children with disputed parentage. Another claim is that the origin the term resulted from firing a ship's guns to hasten a difficult birth.
• Sonar – A method of using sound pulses to detect, range and sometime image underwater targets and obstacles, or the bed of the sea. Also see echo sounding and ASDIC.
• Sou'wester -

1. A storm from the south west.

2. A type of waterproof hat with a wide brim over the neck, worn in storms.

• Sounding - Measuring the depth of the water. Traditionally done by swinging the lead, now commonly by echo sounding.
• Spanker – A fore-and-aft or gaff-rigged sail on the aft-most mast of a square-rigged vessel and the main fore-and-aft sail (spanker sail) on the aft-most mast of a (partially) fore-and-aft rigged vessel such as a schooner, a barquentine, and a barque.
• Spanker-mast – The aft-most mast of a fore-and-aft or gaff-rigged vessel such as schooners, barquentines, and barques. A full-rigged ship has a spanker sail but not a spanker-mast (see Jigger-mast).
• Spar – A wooden, in later years also iron or steel pole used to support various pieces of rigging and sails. The big five-masted full-rigged tall ship Preussen (German spelling: Preußen) had crossed 30 steel yards, but only one wooden spar – the little gaff of its spanker sail.
• Spindrift – Finely-divided water swept from crest of waves by strong winds.
• Spinnaker – A large sail flown in front of the vessel while heading downwind.
• Spinnaker pole – A spar used to help control a spinnaker or other headsail.
• Splice – To join lines (ropes, cables etc.) by unraveling their ends and intertwining them to form a continuous line. To form an eye or a knot by splicing.
• Square meal – A sufficient quantity of food. Meals on board ship were served to the crew on a square wooden plate in harbor or at sea in good weather. Food in the Royal Navy was invariably better or at least in greater quantity than that available to the average landsman. However, while square wooden plates were indeed used on board ship, there is no established link between them and this particular term. The OED gives the earliest reference from the U.S. in the mid 19th century.
• Squared away – Yards held rigidly perpendicular to their masts and parallel to the deck. This was rarely the best trim of the yards for efficiency but made a pretty sight for inspections and in harbor. The term is applied to situations and to people figuratively to mean that all difficulties have been resolved or that the person is performing well and is mentally and physically prepared.
• Squat effect is the phenomenon by which a vessel moving quickly through shallow water creates an area of lowered pressure under its keel that reduces the ship's buoyancy, particularly at the bow. The reduced buoyancy causes the ship to "squat" lower in the water than would ordinarily be expected.
• Stanchion – vertical post near a deck's edge that supports life-lines. A timber fitted in between the frame heads on a wooden hull or a bracket on a steel vessel, approx one meter high, to support the bulwark plank or plating and the rail.
• Standing rigging – Rigging which is used to support masts and spars, and is not normally manipulated during normal operations. Cf. running rigging.
• Starboard – Towards the right-hand side of a vessel facing forward. Denoted with a green light at night. Derived from the old steering oar or 'steerboard' which preceded the invention of the rudder.
• Starter – A rope used as a punitive device. See teazer, togey.
• Stay – Rigging running fore (forestay) and aft (backstay) from a mast to the hull.
• Staysail – A sail whose luff is attached to a forestay.
• Steering oar or steering board – A long, flat board or oar that went from the stern to well underwater, used to control the vessel in the absence of a rudder.
• Stem – The extension of keel at the forward end of a ship.
• Stern – The rear part of a ship, technically defined as the area built up over the sternpost, extending upwards from the counter to the taffrail.
• Stern tube – The tube under the hull to bear the tailshaft for propulsion (usually at stern).
• Stonnacky – A punitive device.
• Strake – One of the overlapping boards in a clinker built hull.
• Studding-sails (pronounced 'stunsail') – Long and narrow sails, used only in fine weather, on the outside of the large square sails.
• Surge – A vessel's transient motion in a fore and aft direction.
• Sway –

1. A vessel's motion from side to side (also "roll").

2. (v) To hoist: "Sway up my dunnage".

• Swigging – To take up the last bit of slack on a line such as a halyard, anchor line or dockline by taking a single turn round a cleat and alternately heaving on the rope above and below the cleat while keeping the tension on the tail.
• Swinging the compass – Measuring the accuracy in a ship's magnetic compass so its readings can be adjusted – often by turning the ship and taking bearings on reference points.
• Swinging the lamp – Telling sea stories. Referring to lamps slung from the deckhead which swing while at sea. Often used to indicate that the story teller is exaggerating.
• Swinging the lead –

1. Measuring the depth of water beneath a ship using a lead-weighted sounding line. Regarded as a relatively easy job, hence:

2. Feigning illness etc to avoid a hard job.
 

    T

• Tabernacle – A large bracket attached firmly to the deck, to which the foot of the mast is fixed. It has two sides or cheeks and a bolt forming the pivot around which the mast is raised and lowered.
• Taffrail – A rail at the stern of the boat that covers the head of the counter timbers.
• Tailshaft – A kind of metallic shafting (a rod of metal) to hold the propeller and connected to the power engine. When the tailshaft is moved, the propeller may also be moved for propulsion.
• Taken aback – An inattentive helmsmen might allow the dangerous situation to arise where the wind is blowing into the sails 'backwards', causing a sudden (and possibly dangerous) shift in the position of the sails.
• Taking the wind out of his sails – To sail in a way that steals the wind from another ship. cf. overbear.
• Tally – The operation of hauling aft the sheets, or drawing them in the direction of the ship's stern.
• Teazer – A rope used as a punitive device.
• Thole – Vertical wooden peg or pin inserted through the gunwale to form a fulcrum for oars when rowing. Used in place of a rowlock.
• Three sheets to the wind – On a three-masted ship, having the sheets of the three lower courses loose will result in the ship meandering aimlessly downwind. Also, a sailor who has drunk strong spirits beyond his capacity.
• Timoneer – From the French timonnier, is a name given, on particular occasions, to the steersman of a ship.
• Tingle – A thin temporary patch.
• Toe-rail – A low strip running around the edge of the deck like a low bulwark. It may be shortened or have gaps in it to allow water to flow off the deck.
• Toe the line or Toe the mark – At parade, sailors and soldiers were required to stand in line, their toes in line with a seam of the deck.
• Togey – A rope used as a punitive device
• Topmast – The second section of the mast above the deck; formerly the upper mast, later surmounted by the topgallant mast; carrying the topsails.
• Topgallant – The mast or sails above the tops.
• Topsail – The second sail (counting from the bottom) up a mast. These may be either square sails or fore-and-aft ones, in which case they often "fill in" between the mast and the gaff of the sail below.
• Topsides – the part of the hull between the waterline and the deck. Also, Above-water hull
• Touch and go – The bottom of the ship touching the bottom, but not grounding.
• Towing – The operation of drawing a vessel forward by means of long lines.
• Travellers – Small fittings that slide on a rod or line. The most common use is for the inboard end of the mainsheet; a more esoteric form of traveller consists of "slight iron rings, encircling the backstays, which are used for hoisting the top-gallant yards, and confining them to the backstays".
• Traffic Separation Scheme – Shipping corridors marked by buoys which separate incoming from outgoing vessels. Improperly called Sea Lanes.
• Transom – a more or less flat surface across the stern of a vessel. Dinghies tend to have almost vertical transoms, whereas yachts’ transoms may be raked forward or aft.
• Trice – To haul and tie up by means of a rope.
• Trick – A period of time spent at the wheel ("my trick's over").
• Trim – Relationship of ship's hull to waterline.
• True bearing - An absolute bearing (qv) using true north.
• True north - The direction of the geographical North Pole.
• Tumblehome – A description of hull shape when viewed in a transverse section, where the widest part of the hull is someway below deck level.
• Turtling – When a sailboat (in particular a dinghy) capsizes to a point where the mast is pointed straight down and the hull is on the surface resembling a turtle shell.

    U

• Under the weather – Serving a watch on the weather side of the ship, exposed to wind and spray.
• Under way – A vessel that is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.
• Underwater hull or underwater ship – The underwater section of a vessel beneath the waterline, normally not visible except when in drydock.
• Upper-yardmen – Specially selected personnel destined for high office.

    V

• Vang – A rope leading from gaff to either side of the deck, used to prevent the gaff from sagging.
• Vanishing angle – The maximum degree of heel after which a vessel becomes unable to return to an upright position.
• V-hull – The shape of a boat or ship which the shape of the hull comes to a straight line to the keel.

    W

• Wake – Turbulence behind a vessel. Not to be confused with wash.
• Waist – the central deck of a ship between the forecastle and the quarterdeck.
• Wales – A number of strong and thick planks running length-wise along the ship, covering the lower part of the ship's side.
• Wash - The waves created by a vessel. Not to be confused with wake.
• Watch – A period of time during which a part of the crew is on duty. Changes of watch are marked by strokes on the ship's bell.
• Watercraft – Water transport vessels. Ships, boats, personal water craft etc.
• Waterway – A strake of timber laid against the frames or bulwark stanchions at the margin of a laid wooden deck, usually about twice the thickness of the deck plank.
• Weather gage – Favorable position over another sailing vessel to with respect to the wind.
• Weather deck – Whichever deck is that exposed to the weather – usually either the main deck or, in larger vessels, the upper deck.
• Weather side – The side of a ship exposed to the wind.
• Weatherly – A ship that is easily sailed and maneuvered; makes little leeway when sailing to windward.
• Weigh anchor – To heave up (an anchor) preparatory to sailing.
• Wells – Places in the ship's hold for the pumps.
• White horses – Waves in wind strong enough to produce foam or spray on the wave tops.
• Wheelhouse – Location on a ship where the steering wheel is located, often interchanged with pilothouse and bridge.
• Wide berth – To leave room between two ships moored (berthed) to allow space for maneuver.
• Windage – Wind resistance of the boat.
• Windbound – A condition wherein the ship is detained in one particular station by contrary winds.
• Wind-over-tide – Sea conditions with a tidal current and a wind in opposite directions, leading to short, heavy seas.
• Windward – In the direction that the wind is coming from.
• Windlass – A winch mechanism, usually with a horizontal axis. Used where mechanical advantage greater than that obtainable by block and tackle was needed (such as raising the anchor on small ships).
• Worm, serve, and parcel – To protect a section of rope from chafing by: laying yarns (worming) to fill in the cuntlines, wrapping marline or other small stuff (serving) around it, and stitching a covering of canvas (parceling) over all.

    Y

• Yard – The horizontal spar from which a square sail is suspended.
• Yardarm – The very end of a yard. Often mistaken for a "yard", which refers to the entire spar. As in to hang "from the yardarm" and the sun being "over the yardarm" (late enough to have a drink).
• Yarr – Acknowledgement of an order, or agreement. Also "aye, aye".
• Yaw – A vessel's motion rotating about the vertical axis, so the bow yaws from side to side

 

Shipping Terminology

with a Prince Edward Island Slant!

Barque  Brig  Schooner  Sloop

Aft: Towards the stern of a vessel.

Articles: A paper that all the members of the crew of a ship signs to say what their position aboard will be. In modern terminology, perhaps, a contract of employment or intent.

Barque: A vessel with three or more masts with square sails on the fore mast and fore and aft sails on the after mast. Generally in the range of 250 - 700 ton capacity.

Barquentine: A vessel with three or more masts with square sails on the foremast, and fore and aft sails on the main and after masts. Generally in the 250 - 500 ton range.

Bowsprit: A spar projecting from the upper end of the bow of a sailing vessel.

Brig: 1. A two masted vessel square rigged on both masts. Generally in the 150 - 200 ton range. 2. A sailing vessel's jail.

Brigantine: A vessel with two or more masts, with fore and aft sails on both masts, normally in the tonnage range of 150 - 250 tons, but some P.E.I. brigantines exceeded 400 tons.

Bulkhead: A wall-like construction inside a ship.

Bulwark: A guard that protects the ship from big waves.

Dogwatch: A way the sailors changed places. Every 4 bells they switched places.

Dory: A small rowing vessel with a narrow, flat bottom and high sides curving outward.

Figurehead: A carved figure or bust on a ships prow.

Forecastle: 1. A superstructure at or immediately aft of the bow of a vessel. 2. The quarters for the crew of a merchant ship.

Fore or Forward: Towards the bow of a vessel.

Forerunner: Maritime legends are ripe with stories of forerunners. They are a harbinger or herald of impending disaster often felt by the family of those lost at sea.

Galley: 1. A sea going vessel propelled mainly by oars used in ancient times. 2. A kitchen in a ship or airplane.

Harbourmaster: A man in charge of a harbour, authorizing entry, and arranging for Pilots to guide vessels into difficult harbours, past underwater obstructions, etc.

Hatchway: A large covered, usually rectangular opening in a ship’s deck for putting and removing cargo from under the deck.

Helm: A wheel or tiller by which a ship is steered.

HMS: A prefix used before a vessel's name to denote that it is owned by the crown, or is His/Her Majesty's Ship.*

Ice Boat: A small boat typically used on P.E.I. for transportation across the Northumberland Strait prior to 1918 during the Winter Months. Typically, they were 5 meters long, and 1.2 meters wide, and were covered with tin to protect the vessel from the ice. Often they had metal runners on the sides of the keel. They were outfitted with sails and oars, and could be rowed or paddle across the Strait. When the ice grew too thick, the crew and male passengers in exchange for a lower rate, would pull the boat across the ice. The vessel was equipped with leather harnesses to attach the crew to the vessel while pulling, also protecting them from drowning when the ice gave away.

Jack: A sailor or seaman.

Jibs: A triangular sail set forward of a foremast.

Keel: The central member on the bottom of the hull, extending from bow to stern.

Keelhauling: A way of punishing sailors by tying them to a rope and dragging them across the bottom of the ship. This was accomplished by lashing together the legs at the ankles by a significant amount of line, then dropping the unfortunate soul head first from the bow, then he was allowed to drift back to the vessel's beam (the widest section) where the Officers or deck crew would take the line from one side of the deck to the other. This would submerge the poor soul in order to bring him up under the ships keel surfacing on the other side.*

Knot: 1. An interlacing of rope, cord, etc, drawn tight into a lump or end. 2. (Naut) A measure of Nautical speed about 1.125 statute miles per hour.*

Log: 1. A device for measuring the speed of a ship. 2. To enter in a log book. 3. A ships written record.

Mast: A spar or structure resin above the hull and upper portions of a ship holding sails, rigging, etc up.

Master: The captain of a merchant ship.

Mate: An officer of a merchant vessel ranking below the captain.

Mutiny: Rebellion against the ship's constituted authority.

Pilot: A trained captain in the employ of a Harbourmaster whose job is to guide vessels into harbours, past underwater obstructions.

Punt: A small square ended rowing vessel.

Quarterdeck: The rear part of the uppermost deck on a ship.

Range Lights: A set of two small lighthouses, aligned so that if a vessel lines them up, they will be guided safely into a harbour, through narrow channels.

Ratline: Any of the small ropes that join the shrouds of a ship horizontally and serve as ships for going aloft.

Rigging: The ropes, chains, etc employed to support and work the masts, sails, etc on a ship.

Rudder: A hinged or pivoted vertical blade or flat that is turned to steer a boat.

Rum Runner: A term applied to a person or vessel employed during prohibition to import alcoholic spirits into P.E.I. from 1923 to 1938. One of the Island's more notorious rum runners was the Nellie J. Banks, who eluded authorities until August 9, 1938. She was the last rum runner seized off Atlantic Canada.

Schooner: A vessel with two or more masts, with fore and aft sails on both masts, normally less than 150 tons, but some of the triple masted schooners built on P.E.I. in the 1880's exceeded 700 tons.

Shallop: A locally used name referring to a vessel with one mast carrying fore and aft sails, normally of less than 25 tons.

Ship: A vessel with three or more masts with square sails on each, often exceeding 500 tons.

Shrouds: Any taut ropes running from a masthead to the side of a ship.

Sloop: A vessel with a single mast, fore and aft rigged, of less than 25 tons.

Snow: The largest type of two-masted sailing vessel of the era, the snow, carried square sails on both masts, with a trysail on a jacknast known as a snowmast --which was a spar set on the deck about a foot behind the mainmast and attached at the top to the mainmast. Also: A "Snow Rigged Vessel" or "Snow Rigged Brig" had similar rigging.

Souls: Number of persons aboard a vessel. Used as in: "The schooner went down with 120 souls aboard".

Spar: A stout pole forming a ships mast, yard, gaff, boom, etc.

Starboard: The right hand side of a vessel facing forward.

Steerage: The lowest class accommodations on a passenger ship.

Stern: The rear part of a ship.

Swinging from the Yardarm: A sailor under punishment would be lashed high on the mast. Due to the height, as the vessel rolled, the swing could easily be 50 to 75 feet depending upon the degree of roll. This could last for days on end without food or water. But then who could keep food down under this situation! Capt. Chris states that this, perhaps was one of the worst punishments.*

Tidewaiter: A Customs Officer that watched for ship arrivals so the vessels could be boarded and inspected.

Tonnage: A measurement of the carrying capacity of a vessel. It is what wins in a collision between
two yachts :-) This little footnote from Paul Curtis!

Warfinger: Basically, a man in charge of a docking facility. He authorizes ships to dock, and collects fees from them for docking, and is responsible for arranging for repairs to the dock.


* Items added or corrected by Capt. Christopher M. Dorgan, Oct 28, 2002

** This list compiled by my son, Jeffery Hunter, as a school project when he was 12 years old. I have included it due to its usefulness in understanding shipping documents.